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Class 10 ICSE Matrices Summary Notes

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions of key terms such as elements, order, and types of matrices (e.g., row, column, square, and diagonal matrices). It also discusses operations involving matrices, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and properties associated with these operations. Additionally, it explains the equality of matrices and how to solve matrix equations.

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1K views2 pages

Class 10 ICSE Matrices Summary Notes

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions of key terms such as elements, order, and types of matrices (e.g., row, column, square, and diagonal matrices). It also discusses operations involving matrices, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and properties associated with these operations. Additionally, it explains the equality of matrices and how to solve matrix equations.

Uploaded by

manjitmishra1199
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Matrices – Summary Notes

 Matrix: A rectangular arrangement of numbers, in rows and columns enclosed in brackets is


called a matrix.
 Element of a Matrix: Each number of a matrix is called its an element. For example, the
1 5
elements of the matrix   are 1, 5, 6 and 9.
6 9
 Order of a Matrix: If a matrix has 3 rows and 4 columns, we call it a 3  4 matrix (read as
“3 by 4 matrix”), and say that the order of the matrix is 3  4 . A matrix with m rows and n
columns is an m  n matrix (read m by n matrix).
While stating the order of a matrix, the number of rows is given first and then the number of
columns.
 Type of Matrices:
 Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row is called a row matrix.
 Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column is called a column matrix.
 Square Matrix: A matrix having the same number of columns as it has rows is called a
square matrix.
 Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is not equal to the number
of columns is called a rectangular matrix.
 Zero or Null Matrix: A matrix each of whose elements is zero is called a zero or a null
matrix.
 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix having all the elements zero, except the principal
diagonal elements, is called a diagonal matrix.
 Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which each diagonal element is unity
and all other elements being zero is called a unit matrix or identity matrix.
 Transpose Matrix: A matrix obtained from a given matrix A by interchanging its rows
and columns is called its transpose matrix. It is denoted by A1 or AT .
 Equality of two Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if:
 Both are of the same order.
 Their corresponding elements are equal.
 Addition of two Matrices: Two matrices can only be added if they are of the same order.
The addition or sum of two matrices A and B, i.e., A + B is found by adding their
corresponding elements and, therefore, the sum is also a matrix of the same order.
 Properties of Addition of Matrices:
 If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A.
 If A, B and C are any three matrices of the same order, then (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
 If O is the null matrix of the same order as the matrix A, then A + O = O + A = A.
 For every matrix A, the matrix  A has the property that A    A  O or   A  A  O .
The matrix  A is called the additive inverse of matrix A.

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 Subtraction of two Matrices: The subtraction of two matrices is defined in the same manner
as the subtraction of real numbers. Thus, for matrices A and B of the same order,
A  B  A   B 
 Solving Matrix Equations: Suppose we have to solve the equation X  A  B for the
unknown matrix X. We do exactly what we learnt to do with numbers. Add the matrix  A to
both sides. This gives X  A    A  B    A .
X O  B A  A    A  O 
 X  B  A, which is the required solution.
 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar Quantity (Real Number): To multiply a matrix by
a scalar quantity means to multiply each of its elements by this scalar quantity. For example,
35 4  3 5 3  4  15 12
 Multiplication of two Matrices: The product of two 2  2 matrices A and B is denoted by
A  B or A  B or AB.
Product of two matrices is given by:
 1st row 1st column 1st row  2nd column 
 2nd row  1st column 2nd row  2nd column 
 
a a2  c c2 
If A   1  and B   1
b1 b2   d1 d 2 
a c  a d a c  a d 
A B   1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 
 b1c1  b2 d1 b1c2  b2 d 2 
 Properties of Multiplication of Matrix:
 The product of matrices is not commutative.
 Multiplication of matrices is associative.
 The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix without either factor being a zero matrix.
 Cancellation law for the multiplication of real numbers is not valid for the multiplication
of matrices.
 Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to matrix addition, i.e., for three
matrices A, B and C of the same order.
A (B + C) = AB + AC, and (B + C) A = BA + CA.
 The multiplication of two matrices is possible only if the number of columns of 1st matrix
is equal to the number of rows of 2nd matrix. The product matrix shall have the number of
rows as the 1st matrix and the number of columns as the 2nd matrix.
Ai j  B jk  C jk

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