Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 4 – Module 8: The Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios of Offspring in the
Standard Monohybrid Cross
First Edition, 2020

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 Science 8
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 8
The Genotypic and
Phenotypic Ratios of Offspring
in the Standard Monohybrid
Cross
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on The Genotypic and

Phenotypic Ratios of Offspring in the Standard Monohybrid Cross!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on The Genotypic and

Phenotypic Ratios of Offspring in the Standard Monohybrid Cross!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is made for you to learn more about Mendelian Genetics.
This will lead you to Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple
patterns of inheritance.
The module is about identifying the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of
offspring in the standard monohybrid cross.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe monohybrid cross;
2. identify the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring in the
standard monohybrid cross;
3. solve problems involving monohybrid cross; and
4. appreciate the significance of monohybrid cross in genetics.

PRETEST
Read each sentence carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Monohybrid inheritance pertains to inheritance of a single trait. Which of
the following is used by geneticists in breeding experiment that uses
parental varieties differing in a single character?
A. Backcross C. Monohybrid cross
B. Dihybrid cross D. Testcross

2. Using the Punnett square method and a basic monohybrid cross, which of
the following shows the number of times a characteristic of an organism
will be seen in the offspring when genes for certain traits are crossed?
A. Genetic ratio C. Mathematics ratio
B. Genotypic ratio D. Phenotypic ratio

3. The sum of an organism's observable characteristics is their phenotype.

What is phenotypic ratio?
A. The ratio of visible characteristics.
B. The ratio of possible characteristics.
C. The ratio of the expected characteristics.
D. The ratio of gene combinations in the offspring.
4. In pea plants, round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r). In a
genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait,
what fraction of the offspring should have round seeds?
A. ¼ B. ½ C. ¾ D. None of the seeds

5. In seagulls, red beaks (B) are dominant over orange beaks (b). A male
penguin with orange beak is crossed with a female penguin with a
homozygous red beak. Determine the phenotypic ratio of their offspring.
A. 25% of the offspring have orange beaks.
B. 50% of the offspring have orange beaks.
C. 75% of the offspring have red beaks.
D. 100% of the offspring have red beaks.

RECAP

Last meeting you have learned that a garden pea plant was considered
a common and good choice for hybridization experiments because it has
several contrasting characters and it reproduces at a fast rate. You also
learned that there were three principles of Mendelian Genetics, and Mendel's
influences are important because they can shed light onto his motivations,
techniques, choices, and ultimate success in the field of hereditary science.
To review your past lesson, answer each question with the correct answer
found in the box below.

•Law of Dominance •Gregor Mendel •Law of Independent Assortment

•Genetics •Charles Darwin •Law of Segregation

1. Who is the father of genetics? _________________________

2. What branch of biology helps explain what makes you unique or why you
are similar with other members of your family?__________________________
3. Which law of inheritance states that the distribution or assortment of one
pair of factors is independent of the distribution of the other pair?
____________________________
4. Which law of inheritance states that the pair of genes separate from each
other during gamete formation? ______________________________
5. Which law of inheritance states that the dominant trait dominates or
prevents the expression of the recessive trait? ____________________________
 LESSON

Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance of characteristics controlled

by a single gene. This can be determined using a genetic diagram known as a
Punnett square. A Punnett square diagram shows the possible combinations
of alleles that could be produced in the offspring. It is introduced by Reginald
Punnett, a British geneticist, that can be used to predict the genetic
probability of a particular phenotype arising in a couple's offspring.
A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment that uses parental varieties
differing in a single character.
Using the Punnett square method and a basic monohybrid cross,
genotypic ratio shows the number of times a characteristic of an organism will
be seen in the offspring when genes for certain traits are crossed. Using pod
color, green (GG) pod color is dominant over yellow (gg) pod color. Usually, the
possible genes or alleles carried by the sperm (♂) are placed on top of the
square, and the possible genes or alleles carried by the egg cells (♀) are placed
along the left side of the square. Observe figure 1 and 2 below.

Figure 1: Two pure-breeding parents Figure 2: Two hybrid parents

You need to be informed that the phenotypic ratios are the ratios of
visible characteristics. Like for example in figure 1, you can observe that all
of the offsprings have a green pod. Thus, the phenotypic ratio is 1:1:1:1 or
100% have green pod. And that of figure 2 shows a phenotypic ratio of 3:1,
which means you observe three offspring or 75% green pod and one or 25%
of the offspring is yellow pod.
The genotypic ratios are the ratios of gene combinations in the offspring,
and these are not always distinguishable in the phenotypes. In figure 1, the
genotypic ratio is 1:1:1:1 which means 100% of the offsprings is heterozygous
green (Gg), but in figure 2 the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1, which refers to a
possible trait of 1 or 25% has homozygous green pod (GG), 2 or 50% has
heterozygous green pod (Gg), and 1 or 25% has homozygous yellow pod (gg).
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Filling up the Punnett Square for a Monohybrid Cross

Objective:

At the end of this activity, you should be able to use a Punnett square
when solving for monohybrid cross.

Direction: Given the monohybrid cross of a two pure-breeding parents, a

round seed (♂) plant and a wrinkled seed (♀) plant, copy the figures inside the
box and fill up the Punnett square below. Apply color to the seeds base on
what you had learned in the dominant and the recessive traits of a garden pea
seeds. Round or wrinkled seed shape could be used many times.

RR rr
♂ ♀ R R r r

Guide Questions:
1. What are the male gametes? ______ , ______
2. What are the female gametes? ______ , ______
3. How many of the offspring will have the following phenotype:
A. Round = _____________ B. Wrinkled = ___________
4. How many of the offspring will have the following genotype?
A. Homozygous Round (RR) = ________
B. Heterozygous Round (Rr) = _______
C. Homozygous Wrinkled (rr) = _________
Closure. What is a Punnett square?_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Monohybrid Cross Between Two Hybrid Parents

Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to identify the genotypic
and phenotypic ratios of offspring in the standard monohybrid cross.

Direction: Two heterozygous axial flowers were crossed. Observe figure 2 on

the lesson proper and recall how you have answered Activity 1, then fill up
the Punnett square below.

1. Parent (P1) Heterozygous Axial x Heterozygous axial

______ x ______
2. Formation
of Gametes (P1) A a x A a

3.F1

4. Ratio Phenotypic ratio:______ or _____% Axial and

_____% Terminal flower position.
Genotypic ratio:_______or _____% AA; ___% Aa;
and ______% aa.

Closure. Complete each statement by filling in the blank with a correct term
inside the parenthesis.
Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. It describes about the
nature of each allele; while, phenotype is the morphology of an organism.
Thus, the (1)__________________ (genotypic, phenotypic) ratios are the ratios of
observable characteristics; and the (2) _______________ (genotypic, phenotypic)
ratios are the ratios of gene combinations in the offspring, and these are not
always distinguishable in the phenotypes. Genotypic ratios refer to the
distribution of the different allelic combinations irrespective of if they are
expressing the same trait phenotypically. While phenotypic ratio is the
distribution of the possible outward expression of the ______ (genes, alleles).

WRAP-UP

To sum up of today’s lesson, study figure 3. In the P generation, pea

plants that are true-breeding for the dominant yellow phenotype are crossed
with plants with the recessive green phenotype. This cross produces F1
heterozygotes with a yellow phenotype. Punnett square analysis can be used
to predict the genotypes of the F2 generation. Fill in the blank with the correct
terms found in this parenthesis (self-pollination, phenotypic ratios, genotypic
ratios, homozygous, heterozygous).

Figure 3: Punnett Square Analysis of a Monohybrid Cross

 VALUING

Do you have pets at

home? When your cat or dog
is old enough to have its own
kittens or puppies, what
would be the possible traits
would you look for your cat’s
or dog’s mate in order to have
beautiful or charming
offsprings?

Activity 3: Monohybrid Cross Problem Solving

Objectives:
1. Solve problem involving monohybrid cross.
2. Appreciate the significance of monohybrid cross in genetics.

Problem to be solved
Assume that brown eyes (E) are dominant over blue eyes (e). A man who
is homozygous brown-eyed married a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What
would be the color of the eyes of their children?

Direction: Use the Punnett square in solving the problem on monohybrid

cross.
Guide questions:
1. What are the genotypes and the phenotypes of the offspring?_____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the probability of having a blue-eyed child by the couple?_______
________________________________________________________________________

Closure. What is the significance of monohybrid cross in genetics?_________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST

Read and analyze each question. Write the letter of your correct answer.
1. In genetics, what is the process involved when fertilization occurs between
two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic?
A. Backcross C. Monohybrid cross
B. Dihybrid cross D. Testcross
2. Phenotype is the morphology of an organism. Which of the following refers
to the distribution of the possible outward expression of the genes?
A. Genetic ratio C. Mathematics ratio
B. Genotypic ratio D. Phenotypic ratio
3. Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. Which of the following
refers to the ratios of gene combinations in the offspring that are not always
distinguishable in the phenotypes?
A. Genetic ratio C. Mathematics ratio
B. Genotypic ratio D. Phenotypic ratio
4. In a certain plant, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to white fruit (y). A
heterozygous plant with yellow fruit is crossed with a plant with white fruit.
What is the probability of having yellow fruit?
A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
5. In cats, the allele for short hair (H) is dominant over the allele for long hair
(h). A short haired male and long-haired female produced all short haired
kittens. What are the possible genotypes of these parent cats?
A. HH only (♂) and hh (♀)
B. Hh only (♂) and hh (♀)
C. HH or Hh (♂) and hh (♀)
D. HH or Hh (♂) and Hh (♀)
Assignment:
Solve the Problem: In human, the allele for normal dominant is A, while the
allele for albino is a. A homozygous dominant man married an albino woman.
1. What are the genotypes of the parents?
2. Draw a Punnett square to represent this cross.
3. What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes of
their kids?
4. What percentage of their kids is likely to be albino?
Activity 3 Guide Questions
1. Genotypes: 50% EE
50% Ee
Phenotypes: 100% Brown-eyed
2. 0% or none of their children will
be blue-eyed.
Activity 1 Activity 2
1. Aa x Aa
2. (Given already)
3.
♀\♂ A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
1. R, R
2. r, r 4. Phenotypic Ratio 3:1; 75% Axial
3. A. 4 B. 0 and 25% Terminal
4. A. 0 B. 4 C. 0 Genotypic Ratio 1:2:1; 25% AA,
50% Aa and 25% aa
PRETEST RECAP WRAP UP POSTTEST
1. C 1. Gregor JohannMendel 1. homozygous 1. C
2. B 2. genetics 2. heterozygous 2. D
3. A 3. Law of independent 3. self-pollination 3. B
4. C Assortment 4. genotypic ratio 4. B
5. D 4. Law of segregation 5. phenotypic ratio 5. A
5. Law of dominance
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References
Books
1. E. Madriaga et. al. (Revised Edition 2017). Patterns of Mendelian
Inheritance. Science Links 8. Rex Book Store Science and Technology
Series. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila. Pages 357-359
2. P. Campo et. al. (Reprint Edition 2016). Mendelian Genetics. Science
Learner’s Module. DepEd-BLR. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City.
Pages 333-335
3. Neil A. Campbell (1946). Mendel and The Gene Idea, 4th edition 2725
Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California. The Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. pages 238-240

Online Sources
1. Monohybrid Cross: A Genetics Definition
https://www.thoughtco.com/monohybrid-cross-a-genetics-definition-373473

2. Punnett Square Approach to a Monohybrid Cross.

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Boo
k%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/12%3A_Mendel's_Experiments_and_Heredi
ty/12.2%3A__Patterns_of_Inheritance/12.2C%3A

3. Monohybrid Cross Problems.

https://www.gulfcoast.edu/current-students/academic-divisions/natural-
sciences/biology-project/genetics-1/documents/monohybrid-cross-problems.pdf

4. Monohybrid Cross Problem Set

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_genetics/problem_sets/monohybrid
_cross/01q.html

5. Jaspreet Kaur (2015). What is a genotype and phenotype ratio?

https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-a-genotype-and-phenotype-ratio