SL.NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 1

2 Project Overview 2

3 Plain Cement Concrete 3-5

4 Compressive strength of Cube 6-8

5 Sieve Analysis 9-12

6 Slump Test 13-4

7 Bricks , paver blocks and batching machine 15-20

8 Overview of Current Works 19-27

9 Conclusion 27
 INTRODUCTION

CPWD came into existence in July 1854 when Lord Dalhousie established a
central agency for execution of public works and set up Ajmer Provincial
Division. Through the professional expertise in disciplines including Architecture,
Engineering. Project Management coupled with comprehensive experience in
building construction and maintenance CPWD has been serving the nation for last
164 years and has executed priority of works in difficult and demanding
geographical and climatic conditions. It has now grown into a comprehensive
construction management department, which provides services from project
concept to completion, consultancy and maintenance management.

It is headed by DG who is also the Principal Technical Advisor to the Government

of India. The- regions and sub-regions are-headed- by Special DGs and Additional
DGs respectively, while the zones in all state capitals (except a few) are headed by
Chief Engineers.

CPWD has PAN India presence and has ability to undertake construction of complex
projects even in difficult terrain and maintenance in post construction stage. CPWD
had been involved in construction of stadiums and other infrastructure requirements
for Asian Games 1982 and Commonwealth Games 2010.

Zeal and spirit of endeavour of CPWD officers have taken the organization
beyond national boundaries. CPWD is right now engaged in construction of
Afghan Parliament Building.

MISSION: CPWD envisages a lead role for itself in the execution, maintenance
and standardization of the built environment in India, while continuing to play the
role of a government department in facilitating the implementation of policies for
sustainable development and transparency in governance along with assimilation
of Knowledge and experience, CPWD will strive to educate its clients to aspire
for green buildings and develop Norms for the same.

VISION: To create and maintain a sustainable and inclusive built environment within
the available resources while ensuring world class quality.

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 PROJECT OVERVIEW

CONSTRUCTION SITE FOR EKALAVYA

VISION

The Eklavya Model Residential Schools envision empowering tribal communities

through quality education, nurturing their cultural heritage, and fostering holistic
development to enable students to become confident, skilled, and responsible
citizens.

 To provide Quality Modern Education to the students and make learning

joyful experience with application.
 To provide a stress free environment.
 To enhance the capability of the subject teachers through applications
of technology in Academic Instructions – Learning by Doing.
 Utilizing Computers in day to day activities including academic
instructions and more in application.
 Nurture the talents of students in respect of games, sports and fine arts and
to provide opportunity to exhibit their talent.
 To adopt scholastic approach in all parameters.
 To provide good ambience and humanitarian environment to students.
 To Establish and Maintain proper discipline in the school through
transparency in administration.
 To provide general awareness for the protection of environment, health
and hygienic conditions.
 To be sensitive towards need based problems and finding out solutions.
 To develop abilities in students to apply the knowledge for concept
formation and application in day to day life.
 To provide required skills to students enter life in a big way.

Overview of this project:-

The construction cost is about 20cr and the area is about 5acres.it has a hostel with a
total capacity of 120 having separated building for boys and girls. The school capacity
is about 440 students. It is situated Megliband, Tripura pin code:- 799212

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 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

Plain cement concrete is the mixture of cement, fine aggregate(sand) and coarse
aggregate without steel. PCC is an important component of a building which is laid on
the soil surface to avoid direct contact of reinforcement of concrete with soil and
water. Material Used in Plain Cement Concrete The general specifications of
materials used in PCC are:

1. Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate used in the PCC must be of hard broken stone of granite or
similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matter. The stone ballast shall
be 20 mm in size and smaller. All the coarse material should be retained in a 5mm
square mesh and should be well graded so that the voids do not exceed 42%.

2. Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains
and shall pass through a screen of 5 mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard
specifications, clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matter. Sea sand shall not
be used.

3. Cement

Portland Pozzolana cement (P.P.C) is normally used for plain cement concrete. It
should conform to the specifications and shall have the required tensile and
compressive stresses and fineness.

4. Water

Water used shall be clean and reasonably free from injurious quantities of deleterious
materials such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts and vegetable growth. Generally, potable
water shall be used having a pH value not less than 6. The maximum permissible
limits for solids shall be as per IS 456:2000 Clause 5.4, Page No 15.

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Proportioning of Plain Cement Concrete

1. The proportioning is done based on the requirement or given specification.

Generally, 1:2:4 or 1:3:6 mix is used.
2. The measurement of material can be done by weight batching or volume
batching.
3. In volume batching, coarse aggregate and sand shall be measured by measuring
box of 30cmx30cmx38cm of a suitable size equivalent to one bag cement of 1/30 m³
or 0.035 m3.
4.Sand shall be measured on the basis of its dry volume.
5. While measuring the aggregate, sacking, ramming or hammering shall not be
done.

Mixing of Plain Cement Concrete

Mixing of PCC can be done either manually or by the means of machines:

Hand Mixing: -

1. PCC is allowed to be done by hand-mixing only for small-scale works.

2. The base on which the concrete is mixed must be clean, watertight slab or a
steel platform. 3.Sand and cement are mixed thoroughly followed with the
addition of coarse aggregate. Lastly, water is added, and the mixture is mixed
properly to gain an even colour and consistency.

Machine Mixing: -

1. A measured quantity of dry coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement shall be
placed in their respective hoppers.
2. The dry materials shall be mixed in the mixing drum for at least four turns of
the drum after which the correct quantity of water shall be added gradually while
the drum is in motion.

3. The total quantity of water for the mixing shall be introduced before 25% of the
mixing time has elapsed and shall be regulated to achieve the specific water- cement
ratio.
4. The mixing shall be thorough to have a plastic mix of uniform colour.

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Laying of Plain Cement Concrete: -

1. The PCC is laid in the layers of not more than 150mm thick and thoroughly
vibrated by the means of mechanical vibrators till a dense concrete is obtained.
2. Wherever needed, hand compaction shall be done with the help of wooden tamping
rods so that concrete is thoroughly compacted and completely walked into the corners
of the formwork.
3. Compaction shall be completed before the initial setting starts that is within
thirty minutes of addition of water to the dry mixture.

Curing of Plain Cement Concrete: -

Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain by suitable covering. After the
concrete has begun to harden- that is about one to two hours after it has been laid- it
shall be protected with moist gunny bags, sand or any other materials against quick
drying. After 24 hours of laying of concrete, the surface shall be cured by flooding
with water of about 25mm depth or by covering with weight absorbent materials.
Curing shall be done for a minimum period of 14 days.

Advantages of Laying Plain Cement Concrete:-

1. Required cover to bottom reinforcement is ensured, as cover blocks rest on a firm

PCC.
2. The effective depth of RCC members is achieved as the formworks can be
easily, uniformly and sturdily fixed, resulting in better dimension accuracy of
foundation RCC member.
3. Reinforcement steel bars placed on PCC, are never in touch with the ground soil,
which may be chemically active and may lead to steel corrosion in the immediate
future.
4. Ease in the placement of steel cages and increased productivity,

5. Concrete does not bond with ground soil (clay); PCC acts as a barrier to soil and
bond well to overlayed structural grade concrete.

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 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE

This test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test
one judge that whatever concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete
compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 Mpa to 30Mpa and
higher in commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive strength = Load /

Fig:-1

Fm=Fck + 1.625 x s. d

We use 150mm x 150 mm x 150mm concrete cube of M25 grade for this test as M25
grade concrete are using for this particular construction.

Fig-2: Concrete cube

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Computation table of Experiment - M25

Test(days) Sample No. Cracking load Strength Avg.strength

(N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

7 1.1 450 20
23.48
7 1.2 510 22.67

7 1.3 625 27.56

7 2.1 575 25.56

24.45
7 2.2 450 20

7 2.3 625 27.78

28 3.1 775 34.45

33.34
28 3.2 750 33.34

28 3.3 725 32.22

● From the above formula the target strength of the M25 grade is Fm

= 25 + 1.625*4 = 31.6

● The average 7 days cast cube strength of Sample 1,2,3-23.48. The target
strength of 7days cast-2/3 of 28 days target strength.
= 2/3 * 31.6 = 21.06

● The average 7 days cast cube strength of Sample 1,2,3=24.45

● The target strength of 7days cast-2/3 of 28 days target strength.

= 2/3 * 31.6 = 21.06.

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 ● The average 28 days cast cube strength of Sample 1,2,3-33.34 The
target strength of 28 days cast-0.99 of 28 days target strength.

= 0.99 * 3.16 = 31.28

Fig 3 :- compressive strength Test

• Result of Compressive Strength Test:-

From the above table and calculation we have seen that the compressive strength of
the cube is more than the target strength in all aspects so we can say that our mix is
perfect.

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 SIEVE ANALYSIS

A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used

(commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution
(also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to
pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and
weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction
of the whole mass.

Fig 4:- Granulometry

The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material
performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-
organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays,
granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain
and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being
such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.

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Procedure :-

Fig 5:- Sieve used for gradation Test

Fig 6:- Mechanical shaker used for Sieve analysis

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The results of this test are provided in graphical form to identify the type of gradation
of the aggregate. The complete procedure for this test is outlined in the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 136 and the American Association and
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 27

A suitable sieve size for the aggregate underneath the nest of sieves to collect the
aggregate that passes through the smallest. The entire nest is then agitated, and the
material whose diameter is smaller than the mesh opening pass through the sieves.
After the aggregate reaches the pan, the amount of material retained in each sieve is
then weighed.

PREPARATION

In order to perform the test, a sufficient sample of the aggregate must be obtained
from the source. To prepare the sample, the aggregate should be mixed thoroughly
and be reduced to a suitable size for testing. The total mass of the sample is also
required.

RESULT

Graphs of cumulative percent passing versus the logarithmic sieve size The results
are presented in a graph of percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the
sieve size scale is logarithmic To find the percent of aggregate passing through cach
sieve, first find the percent retained in each sieve. To do so, the following
equation is used,

% Retained (WSieve/WTotal)×100%

where WSieve is the mass of aggregate in the sieve and WTotal is the total mass of
the aggregate.
The next step is to find the cumulative percent of aggregate retained in each sieve. To
do so, add up the total amount of aggregate that is retained in each sieve and the
amount in the previous sieves. The cumulative percent passing of the aggregate is
found by subtracting the percent retained from 100%

% Cumulative Passing 100%-%Cumulative Retained.

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The values are then plotted on a graph with cumulative percent passing on the y
axis and logarithmic sieve size on the x axis.[4]

There are two versions of the %Passing equations. the 45 power formula is presented
on 45 power gradation chart, whereas the more simple %Passing is presented on a
semi-log gradation chart version of the percent passing graph is shown on 45 power
chart and by using the 45 passing formula.

45 power percent passing formula

% Passing Pi (SieveLargest/Aggregate Max-size)× 100% Where:

Sieve Largest Largest diameter sieve used in (mm). Aggregatemax_size Largest piece
of aggregate in the sample in (mm).

Percent passing formula %Passing (WBelow/WTotal)×100%

Where: WBelow The total mass of the aggregate within the sieves below the current
sieve, not including the current sieve's aggregate.

WTotal - The total mass of all of the aggregate in the sample.

ENGINEERING APPLICATION

Gradation is usually specified for each engineering application it is used for.

For example, foundations might only call for coarse aggregates, and
therefore an open gradation is needed.

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 SLUMP TEST

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is
performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the case
with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed
batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple
procedure. The Slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete
under field conditions.

Fig 7

Equipments Required for the test- Slump cone, non-porous base plate, measuring
scale, temping rod. The mold for the test is in the form of the frustum of a cone having
height 30cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and top diameter 10cm. The tamping rod is of
steel 16mm diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one.

Fig 8:-Slump Cone

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● Sampling of materials for the test - A concrete mix M25 by weight with
suitable water and cement ratio is prepared in the laboratory similar top that
explained in 5.9 and required for casting 6 cubes after conducting slump test.

Fig 9:- Mixing of materials

Slump value Observation- The slump measured shall be recorded in terms of

millimetres of subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Fig 10:- Observation of Slump value

● Results of slump test on concrete- Slump for the given sample-92 mm. For
this construction the value of slump test should be in 90 to 100 so the value is
correct.

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 BRICKS

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other

elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick
referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote
rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or
concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar,
adhesives or by interlocking them. Bricks are produced in numerous
classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time
period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of
bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.

Fig 11:- A single brick

Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds,

collectively known as brickwork, and may be laid in various kinds of mortar
to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure.

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 Fig 12: A wall constructed in glazed-headed Flemish
bond with bricks of various shades and lengths

Fig 13:- An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of
headers and stretchers

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Brick bat is defined as a cut portion of brick, generally the brick is cutted along
the width and the length of brick piece is smaller then the original brick. Different
type of brick bats are:-

1. CLOSER
It is the portion of the brick cut along the length in such a way as one long face
remains intact.

2. QUEEN CLOSER
When a brick is cut along its length, making it two equal halves then it is called queen
closer. Thus, a queen closer is a broken brick portion whose width is half as wide as
the original brick. This is also called as queen closer half.

3. QUEEN CLOSER QUARTER

If a queen closer is broken into two equal pieces then it is known as queen closer
quarter. Such a closer is thus a brick piece which is one quarter of the brick size.

4. KING CLOSER
If a brick is cut in such a way that the width of one end becomes half that of a full
brick, while the width at the other end is equal to the full width, then it is called as
king closer. It is obtained by cutting out a triangular portion of the brick between
the centre of one end (width side) and the centre of the other end (lay side). Thus, it
has half header and half stretcher face.

5. BEVELED CLOSER
It is a form of king closer in which the whole length of the brick (i.e. stretcher
face) is chamfered or bevelled in such a way that half width is maintained at one
end and full width is maintained at the other end.

6. MITRED CLOSER
It is a portion of a brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred for full width. The
angle of splay may vary from 450 to 600. Thus, one longer face of the mitred closer is
of full length of the brick while the other longer face is smaller in length.

King closer - Beveled closer - Mitred closer

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7. BAT
When a brick is cut across the width, the resulting piece is called bat. Thus a bat is
smaller in length than the full brick.

8. HALF BAT
If the length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick, it is known as half bat.

9. THREE QUARTER BAT

It is a form of brick bat having its length equal to three quarter of the length of a full brick.

10. BEVELED BAT

A brick bat is called beveled bat, when its width has beveled.

Fig 14:- Different types of Bricks bats

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PAVER BLOCK

Paver blocks are small flat blocks used to build pavements as well as walls
and pillars. These blocks are available in a variety of colours, sizes, and
patterns. Typically, paver blocks are porous blocks made by combining
varied proportions of cement, sand and tiny stone shards, among others.
Precast concrete pavers are versatile, flexible and easy to install. They are
the perfect materials to add a dash of life to any dull living space.
IS 15658 : 2021 covers Precast Concrete Blocks for Paving with the
following requirements :
i) Grade Designation: M-30, M-35, M-40, M-50 andM-55.
ii) Dimensions: • The thickness of the blocks shall be not less than 50
mm and not more than 120 mm and shall also meet the thickness
requirement specified under Table 1 of IS 15658: 2006. When agreed to
between manufacturer and purchaser, Blocks of thickness more than 120
mm may also be manufactured.
• Length and Width: To be specified by the manufacturer.
iii) Blocks can be manufactured in one layer or two layers

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Batching machine
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete
batching plant, is equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks,
gravel, etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.

Project Overview Work

EARTHWORK

The goal is to remove, shape, arrange, and reinforce the soil and rocks on the
earth’s surface to create a solid foundation for construction and landscaping.

Earthwork is essential for civil engineering and infrastructure projects, such as

bridges and road construction, as well as for general building construction. Safety
is paramount, and the importance of earthwork cannot be overlooked.

CUTTING AND FILLING

Cutting and filling is the process or moving earth from one place to another to make the
ground more level. A ‘cut’ is made when the earth is removed from above the desired
ground level and a ‘fill’ is when the earth is used to fill an empty part up to the required
ground level. Cutting and filling is a common technique used to build an even ground
surface. This process of moving earth holds a certain risk, particularly when the land
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being filled is going to be used for an infrastructure foundation. Whenever the land is
moved the natural compaction is disturbed, and soil in this state is often described as
‘fluffed’ or ‘aerated’. For the earth to be safe enough for a construction projects to begin,
it needs to be compacted to avoid settling.

LEAN CONCRETE WORK

Lean concrete is a mix where the amount of cement is lower than the amount of
liquid present in the strata. The higher the aggregate/cement ratio, the leaner
the concrete.(M5 or M7.5)

FLOORING
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the
work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to
generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to
provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor
covering refers more to loose-laid materials.(Kota stone or white marble).
Kota Stone is a fine-grained variety of Kota limestone, quarried at Kota
district, Rajasthan, India. Hundreds of mines are located in or near the
town of Ramganj Mandi and in the Kota district.

The greenish-blue and brown colours of this stone contribute to its

popularity. Other colors are black, pink, grey, and beige. When used for
building, the stone is mainly used for exteriors, but will also work when
used for interiors.

White marble is a metamorphic rock, composed of limestone rocks exposed to

high temperatures and pressures. It is mainly made of calcium carbonate (more
than 90% of its structure), which is very common in nature and gives its
characteristic white color.
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It is also used for making steps, staircases, window sills, etc. It is very
popular because of its durability and slip-resistant nature.

Plastering

Plastering is a process of applying one or more coats of mortar to a concrete

surface, brick works, and stone masonry. It must be durable such that it resists the
penetration of moisture and should be able to resist weather conditions uniformly.
It should also be pleasing in appearance. These properties depend upon materials
used, composition of mix, and degree of mechanical bond between the plaster and
the backing surface and workmanship. Lack of bond with the backing, cracking,
crazing of surface and discoloration are principal defects in plastering. Sufficient
care has to be taken to overcome these defects. Plaster protects the wall against
wind, rain, abrasion, and improves the thermal performance and appearance.
Plaster should be easy to apply without the use of expensive and elaborate tools.
All type of plasters, especially those on external surfaces, need to offer erosion
resistant, impermeability to moisture, impact resistance and well bonded to the
wall. A proper plastering will give a good look and require less maintenance.
There are number of ways in which plastering can be done. The choice of the type
of plastering to be provided depends upon the architectural features, local
availability of materials and also the budget.

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Fig 15:- Plastering work

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Tools and equipment for plastering:
1 Gauging Trowel: This trowel is used for gauging small quantities of materials and
for applying plaster on mouldings, corners etc. This is available in sizes varying from
15 to 45 cm in length. The tip of the steel blade of this trowel is either pointed or bull
nosed.

Fig 16

2 Floats: A float is a tool used for spreading the mortar on the surface. A wooden
float, similar to a laying trowel, is used for final or finishing coat of plaster. This
wooden float is also known as the skimming float. The size of float is about 30 cm x
10 cm and thickness is about 10 mm.The ordinary metal float is also known as
laying trowel. This trowel is used for laying the material and trowelling so as to get
the desired finish. The blade of this metal float is made of tempered steel and is of
about 30 cm x 10 cm in size. The float which has got nails projecting by about
3 mm from the surface is known as “Devil float”. This float is used for
scratching the plastering surfaces to make indentations so as to give a good
mechanized bond with the subsequent coat.

Fig 17

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3 Float Rule: This tool has a rule which is used to check the level of the plastered
surface between the successive layers.

Fig 18

4 Plumb Bob: This tool is used in forming the layer of plaster perfectly in a vertical
plane. This also helps in controlling the thickness of the plaster. 3.5 Other tools: In
addition to the above-mentioned tools, other tools such as straight edged, bushes, set
squares, spirit levels, scratchers, plumb rules are used during different stages of
plastering.

Fig 19

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 RETAINING WALL

Retaining wall is a structure that are designed and constructed to withstand lateral
pressure of soil or hold back soil materials. The lateral pressure could be also due to
earth filling, liquid pressure, sand, and other granular materials behind the retaining
wall structure.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALL:-

1) Gravity retaining wall

A gravity retaining wall is a structure that uses its own weight to resist the pressure
of soil behind it, preventing the wall from toppling or sliding.

2) Cantilever retaining wall

Cantilever retaining walls are a type of retaining wall made of reinforced

concrete that are designed to withstand lateral forces and earth pressures:

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CONCLUSION
It was a wonderful learning experience at CPWD. I gained a lot
of insight regarding almost every aspect of site. We were given
exposure in almost all the departments at the site. I liked the
field because of safety, quality management, material
management and execution. We also gained a lot of pleasure
seeing scenic beauty of our site Simna while coming, as We
visited this place for the 1st time and saw how NCDC is being
completed into a beautiful institution. I hope this experience
will surely help me in my future and also in shaping our career.

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