OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
QUEZON CITY CAMPUS
NATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) STRAND
SECOND SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Name: Vanessa Charize M. Medilo Date: April 14, 2024
Section: STEM 12 YA-1 Score:
VIRTUAL LABORATORY 1: CALORIMETRY
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the technique of calorimetry
• Calculate and interpret heat and related properties using typical calorimetry data
One technique we can use to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process is known as
calorimetry. Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance. To do so, the heat is
exchanged with a calibrated object (calorimeter). The temperature change measured by the calorimeter is used to derive
the amount of heat transferred by the process under study. The measurement of heat transfer using this approach requires
the definition of a system (the substance or substances undergoing the chemical or physical change) and its surroundings
(all other matter, including components of the measurement apparatus, that serve to either provide heat to the system or
absorb heat from the system).
A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. For example,
when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the
solution, which increases its temperature. When an endothermic reaction occurs, the heat required is absorbed from the
thermal energy of the solution, which decreases its temperature (Figure 1). The temperature change, along with the specific
heat and mass of the solution, can then be used to calculate the amount of heat involved in either case.
Figure 1. In a calorimetric determination, either (a) an exothermic process occurs and heat, q, is negative, indicating that thermal
energy is transferred from the system to its surroundings, or (b) an endothermic process occurs and heat, q, is positive, indicating
that thermal energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system.
Scientists use well-insulated calorimeters that all but prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its
environment, which effectively limits the “surroundings” to the nonsystem components with the calorimeter (and the
calorimeter itself). This enables the accurate determination of the heat involved in chemical processes, the energy content
of foods, and so on. General chemistry students often use simple calorimeters constructed from polystyrene cups (Figure
2). These easy-to-use “coffee cup” calorimeters allow more heat exchange with the outside environment, and therefore
produce less accurate energy values.
Figure 2. A simple calorimeter can be constructed from two Figure 3. In a simple calorimetry process, (a) heat, q, is
polystyrene cups. A thermometer and stirrer extend through the transferred from the hot metal, M, to the cool water, W, until (b)
cover into the reaction mixture. both are at the same temperature.
This laboratory uses the following simulator:
[Link]
Part A: Enthalpy of Dissolution of Sodium Hydroxide
1. Select “Reset” if necessary. Select “SOLIDS” in the first box.
2. Select the triangle to the right of “Choose a solid” and select the NaOH.
3. Slide the “Mass (g)” bar to the right to select the mass of the solid. Record the value.
4. Select the “Next” button at the lower left.
5. Select the triangle to the right of “Choose a liquid” in the second box and select “water”.
6. Slide the “Mass (g)” bar to select the mass of the water. Record the value.
7. Note that the initial temperatures of both the solid and the water are set at 20.0℃. (The fact that these start out at
the same temperature means that any temperature change in this experiment is due to the energy absorbed or
released by the process occurring in the system.)
8. Record initial temperature. Select “Next” (lower left).
9. In the “RUN EXPERIMENT” box, check the “Show graph view” and then select “Start”.
10. Watch the digital readout of the temperature of the solution above the calorimeter. Note that the temperature of the
soluble compound and water track one another since they start out at the same T and remain in thermal equilibrium
as energy is either absorbed or produced by the process in the system. When the temperature stops changing,
record the final temperature on the data sheet.
11. Select “Replay” (on right) to repeat or select “Reset” to continue the experiment.
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of NaOH 3.0 g 3.5 g 4.0 g
Mass of water 150 g
Part B. Enthalpy of Dissolution of Ammonium Nitrate (𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐍𝐎𝟑 )
1. Repeat the steps from Part A with the solid ammonium nitrate.
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of NH4 NO3 3.0 g 3.5 g 4.0 g
Mass of water 150 g
2. Select “Replay” (on right) to repeat or Select “Reset” to continue to the next experiment.
Part C. Enthalpy of Neutralization of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide
1. Select “Reset” if necessary. Select “SOLUTIONS” in the first box.
2. Select the triangle to the right of “Choose a solution” and select Hydrochloric acid – HCl(aq).
3. Slide the “Volume (mL)” bar to the right to select the volume of the HCl(aq) indicated by your instructor. Record the
value. Set the volume to a value around 50 mL.
4. Slide the “Molarity” bar to the right to select 1.00 M, 2.00 M, and 3.00 M.
5. Select the “Next” button at the lower left.
6. Select “SOLUTIONS” in the second box.
7. Select the triangle to the right of “Choose a solution” and select Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH(aq).
8. Slide the “Volume (mL)” bar to the right to select the volume of the NaOH(aq). Set the volume of sodium hydroxide
solution to be equal to the volume of hydrochloric acid solution. Record the value.
9. Slide the “Molarity” bar to the right to select 1.00 M, 2.00 M, and 3.00 M.
10. Note that the initial temperatures of both solutions are fixed at 20.0℃. The fact that these start out at the same
temperature means that any temperature change in this experiment is due to the energy absorbed or released by
the process occurring in the system (not because of a temperature difference between the two samples of
substance.)
11. Record. Select “Next” (lower left).
12. In the “RUN EXPERIMENT” box, check the “Show graph view” and then select “Start”.
13. Watch the digital readout of the temperature of the solution above the calorimeter. Note also that here, unlike in
Part A, the temperature of the two reactants track one another since they start out at the same T and remain in
thermal equilibrium as energy is either absorbed or produced by the process in the system.
14. When the temperature stops changing, record this (final) temperature.
15. Select “Replay” (on right) to repeat or “Reset” to continue the experiment.
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Volume of NaOH & HCl 50.0 mL
Molarity 1.00 2.00 3.00
Part D: Enthalpy of Neutralization of Acetic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide
1. Repeat the procedure in Part C but choose acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid.
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Volume of NaOH & CH2 H3 O2 50.0 mL
Molarity 1.00 2.00 3.00
Laboratory Data
Part A: Enthalpy of Dissolution of Sodium Hydroxide
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of water 150 g 150 g 150 g
Temperature of water in calorimeter 20°C 20°C 20°C
Mass of NaOH 3.0 3.5 g 4.0 g
Final temperature of the solution 25.21°C 26.06°C 26.91°C
Change in temperature, ∆T 5.21°C 6.06°C 6.91°C
Was the process endothermic or exothermic? Exothermic Exothermic Exothermic
Mass of water + NaOH 153.0 g 153.5 g 154.0 g
Heat absorbed/released by solution in Joules 3267 J 3800 J 4333 J
Heat absorbed/released by the dissolution of solid in kilojoules 0.061 KJ 0.083 KJ 0.108 KJ
Molar mass of NaOH 40 g/mol 40 g/mol 40 g/mol
Moles of NaOH 1.5 mol 1.5 mol 1.5 mol
q
Change in enthalpy to dissolve NaOH in water (∆H = n) -4.16 KJl ‐4.16 KJ -4.16 KJ
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Part B: Enthalpy of Dissolution of Ammonium Nitrate (𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐍𝐎𝟑 )
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of water 150 g 150 g 150 g
Temperature of water in calorimeter 20°C 20°C 20°C
Mass of NH4 NO3 3.0 g 3.5 g 4.0 g
Final temperature of the solution 18.50 °C 18.20°C 18.01°C
Change in temperature, ∆T -1.5°C -1.8°C -1.99°C
Was the process endothermic or exothermic? Endothermic Endothermic Endothermic
Mass of water + NH4 NO3 153.0 g 153.5 g 154.0 g
Heat absorbed/released by solution in Joules -940.5°C -1128.6°C -1247.73°C
Heat absorbed/released by the dissolution of solid in kilojoules -0.008 KJ -0.011 KJ -0.014 KJ
Molar mass of NH4 NO3 80 g/mol 80 g/mol 80 g/mol
Moles of NH4 NO3 0.134 mol 0.134 mol 0.134 mol
q
Change in enthalpy to dissolve NaOH in water (∆H = n)
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Part C: Enthalpy of Neutralization of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium hydroxide
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of HCl solution 50 g 50 g 50 g
Initial Temperature of HCl in calorimeter 20°C 20°C 20°C
Mass of NaOH solution 50 g 50 g 50 g
Final temperature of the solution 26.81 33.62 40.43
Mass of the final solution (NaOH + HCl) 100 g 100 g 100 g
Change in temperature, ∆T 6.81°C 13.62°C 20.43°C
Was the process endothermic or exothermic? Exothermic Exothermic Exothermic
Heat absorbed/released by solution in Joules 1328 J 2656 J 3984 J
Heat absorbed/released by reaction in kilojoules 1.328 KJ 2.656 KJ 3.984 KJ
Moles of HCl
𝑔 0.1 mol 0.1 mol 0.1 mol
Assume density of HCl solution 𝜌 = 1.0 ⁄𝑚𝐿
Change in enthalpy for the reaction of HCl +
q
NaOH (∆H = )
n
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Part D: Enthalpy of Neutralization of Acetic Acid and Sodium hydroxide
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Mass of CH3 COOH solution 50 g 50 g 50 g
Initial Temperature of CH3 COOH in calorimeter 20°C 20°C 20°C
Mass of NaOH solution 50 g 50 g 50 g
Final temperature of the solution 26. 61°C 33.22°C 39.83°C
Mass of the final solution (NaOH + CH3 COOH) 100 g 100 g 100 g
Change in temperature, ∆T 6.61°C 13.21°C 19.83°C
Was the process endothermic or exothermic? Exothermic Exothermic Exothermic
Heat absorbed/released by solution in Joules 1289 J 2576 J 3867 J
Heat absorbed/released by reaction in kilojoules 1.289 KJ 2.576 KJ 3.867 KJ
Moles of CH3 COOH
𝑔 0.137 mol 0.137 mol 0.137 mol
Assume density of HCl solution 𝜌 = 1.0 ⁄𝑚𝐿
Change in enthalpy for the reaction of CH3 COOH + NaOH
q
(∆H = n)
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
