Electromagnetic Induction

What is Magnetic Flux?

Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing
through a given surface. It provides the measurement of the total magnetic
field that passes through a given surface area. The SI unit of magnetic flux is
Weber (Wb) or tesla meter squared (Tm2). The CGS unit of magnetic flux is
Maxwell (Mx) where 1 weber = 10 8 marwell.. The fundamental unit of
magnetic flux is Volt-seconds. To calculate the magnetic flux, we can use the
formula given as : ΦB=B.A=BAcosΦ. Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

What is electromagnetic induction?3

The process in which current is produced in consequence of voltage
production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field is known
as electromagnetic induction.

What is a galvanometer?
Galvanometer is a instrument for measuring a small electrical current

AC generators works on which principle?

AC generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

What was Experiment 1 of Faraday and Henry? OR Experiments of Faraday

and Henry
Ans : First Experiment (Current Induced by a Magnet) : In the first
experiment of Faraday and Henry, a coil was connected to a galvanometer.
First, he inserted a bar magnet in the coil such that the north pole of the bar
magnet is pointed towards the coil. When the magnet is pulled away from
the coil, the galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite direction, which
indicates reversal of the current’s direction
The conclusion of the Faraday and Henry First experiment was that there
was relative motion between the coil and magnet which generates electric
current in the coil. So the current generated is called induced current.

What was the Second Experiment of Faraday and Henry?

Ans : In experiment 2, (Current Induced by a Current )Faraday and Henry
replaced the bar magnet by a second current-carrying coil that was
connected to a battery. Here, the current coil which was connected to a
battery produced a steady magnetic field, which made the system similar to
the previous one. As we move the second coil towards the primary coil, the
pointer in the galvanometer shows deflection, which indicates the presence
of the electric current in the first coil. Hence, this experiment proves that the
current-carrying magnet can also generate current due to induction.

What was the Third Experiment of Faraday and Henry?

3rd Experiment (Current Induced by Changing Current) : In this experiment,

Faraday showed that this relative motion is not an complete requirement.
Faraday placed two stationary coils and connected one to the galvanometer
and the other to a battery, through a push-button. As the button was
pressed, the galvanometer in the other coil showed a deflection, showing the
presence of current in that coil.
However, the third experiment of Faraday and Henry shows that the relative
motion is not necessary to produce current.
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Which of the following factors affects the galvanometer's

deflection?

a) Area of the coil

b) Current passing through the coil
c) Speed with which the bar magnet is dragged toward or away from the coil
d) Resistance offered for current flow

Ans: Option c is correct. The speed with which the bar magnet is dragged
towards or away from the coil determines the size of the deflection of the
pointer. In addition, the direction of deflection of the pointer is determined
by the motion of the bar magnet.
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4. Faraday and Henry’s third experiment shows that:
a. Electric current must always be induced by relative motion between
the two coils.
b. The relative motion of the two coils is not required to generate an
electric current.
c. When the iron rod is placed axially into the coils, the induced current
decreases.
d. None of these
Ans: Option b. Is correct. Faraday demonstrated in the third experiment that
relative motion is not required to induce a current in the primary coil. When
an iron rod is inserted into the coils parallel to their axis, the deflection
increases considerably.
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5. When a magnet is brought close to a coil:
(i) speedily
(ii) slowly
then induced e.m.f will be:
a. more in (i) case
b. less in (i) case
c. equal in both cases
d. depends on the radius of the ring
 Ans: Option a. is correct. When a magnet is rapidly brought near a coil, the
number of magnetic fields travelling through the coil changes more speedily,
causing the coil to produce more emf.

When a magnet is slowly brought to a coil, the number of magnetic fields

travelling through the coil varies slowly, causing the coil to induce less emf.

6. The primary coil is attached to the galvanometer in Faraday and

Henry's second experiment, while the secondary coil is connected to
a battery. When the primary coil is rotated around its axis, then:
a. The current will induce in the primary coil
b. There will be no current generated in the primary coil
c. The primary coil will create a momentary current.
d. Can't say.
Ans: Option b. Is correct. According to Faraday and Henry's second
experiment, we can say that when a current-carrying coil is moved closer or
away from another coil, an emf is induced in the coil.
 A current will get induced in the coil if the circuit in which the coil is
connected is closed.
 To create a current in the coil, relative motion between the two coils is
required.
 When the primary coil is rotated around its axis in the given situation,
there will be no relative motion between the primary and secondary
coils.
 There will be no current in the primary coil since there is no relative
motion between the primary and secondary coils.
State FARADAY’S LAW OF Electromagnetic INDUCTION VVIMP – 5
marks.
:Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of two laws.
 Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction
 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction : First Law describes the

induction of emf in a conductor. Faraday's First Law states whenever there is a
change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the coil .This
emf induced is called induced emf. The SI unit of this induced emf is volt ( V ).

 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction : Faraday’s second law
of electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of induced emf is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the
coil. Emf which is induced will depend upon rate at which the magnetic flux
is changing.

Faraday’s first law gives the cause which produced induced e.m.f in coil
Faraday’s second law give the magnitude of induced e.m.f
 ___________________________________________________
How’s Faraday’s law different from Lenz’s law?.
A. The relationship between a shifting magnetic field and the induced

electromotive force (emf) in a conductor is described by Faraday's

Law. Lenz's Law, on the other hand, talks about the direction of induced
current and explains it from the point of conservation of energy.
Lenz’s Law VVIMP
Lenz’s law According to this law, the polarity of emf induced is such that,
it tend to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux
that produce it. Lenz’s law is used to determine the direction of the
induced current. Lenz’s law is used to explain how electromagnetic
circuits obey the conservation of energy and Newton’s third law. Lenz’s
law is used in Braking systems on train, microphones, Metal detectors. It
is also applied to electric generators, AC generators.

The formula for Lenz law is shown below:

The negative sign in Lenz’s law indicates that the induced emf in the coil is in the
opposite direction of the magnetic flux, which is linked with the coil.

Lenz’s Law Applications or uses of Lenz’s law

application.
Lenz’s law applications are plenty. Some of them are listed below-

 Eddy current balances

 Metal detectors
 Eddy current dynamometers
 Braking systems on train
 AC generators
 Card readers
 Microphones

What is the prime importance of Lenz’s law?

Lenz’s law is used to determine the direction of the induced current.
What does the negative sign indicate in Lenz’s law?
The negative sign in Lenz’s law indicates that the induced emf in the coil is in the
opposite direction of the magnetic flux, which is linked with the coil.
where is Lenz’s law used?
Lenz’s law is used to explain how electromagnetic circuits obey the conservation of energy and
Newton’s third law.

What is the full form of emf?

Electromotive force is the full form of emf.

What is electromotive force?

Electromotive force or emf is equal to the potential terminal variation when no electric current
flows.

What is induced emf?

Induced emf is the generation of a potential difference in a coil due to the changes in the
magnetic flux through it.

What is motional emf? State any two factor on which it depends ?

All in one page254 (17)

.
. Lenz's law and conservation of energy : Lenz's law is based upon the
law of conservation of energy. Lenz law states that the induced current
always tends to oppose the cause which produce it. So in order to do
work against opposing force we have to put extra effort. This extra
work leads to periodic change in magnetic flux hence more current is
induced. Thus the extra effort is just transformed into electrical energy
which is law of conservation of energy
Faraday’s Experiment: Relationship Between Induced
EMF and Flux
 In the first experiment, he proved that when the strength of the magnetic field is varied, only
then current is induced. An ammeter was connected to a loop of wire; the ammeter deflected
when a magnet was moved towards the wire.

 In the second experiment, he proved that passing a current through an iron rod
would make it electromagnetic. He observed that when a relative motion exists
between the magnet and the coil, an electromotive force will be induced. When
the magnet was held stationary about its axis, no electromotive force was
observed, but when the magnet was rotated about its own axis then the induced
electromotive force was produced. Thus, there was no deflection in the ammeter
when the magnet was held stationary.

 While conducting the third experiment, he recorded that the galvanometer did not
show any deflection and no induced current was produced in the coil when the
coil was kept away in a stationary magnetic field. The ammeter deflected in the
opposite direction when the magnet was kept away from the loop.
Applications of Faraday’s Law
Following are the fields where Faraday’s law finds applications:

1. Electrical equipment like transformers works on the basis of Faraday’s law.

2. Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction, which is based on the principle of
Faraday’s law.
3. By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter, the velocity of the
fluids is recorded.
4. Electric guitar and electric violin are musical instruments that find an application of Faraday’s
law.
5. Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of Faraday’s laws which states that a change in
the magnetic field brings a change in the electric field.

What is Motional Electromotive Force?

An emf induced by the motion of the
conductor across the magnetic field is a
motional electromotive force. The equation is
given by E = -vLB.
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Define co-efficient of self induction – target page 210 q. 20

Define mutual induction and define co-efficient of mutal induction state its units and dimension – target
page no. 212 Q.24.

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule : All in one pag 246

All in one page no.254- 14.
All in on e page 265 Q.13-Ans on page no268-13
Can a straight wire act as an inductor ?- 1 marks
Ans : All in one page 267- (7)
All in one page q.21- 265- ans on page 268
Q.30 page no.273 ( 10 years)
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5. The induced emf is also called back emf. Why?
Ans. it is because induced emf produced in a circuit always opposes the
cause which produces it.
7.A metallic wire coil is stationary in a non – uniform magnetic field.
What is the emf.
Induced in the coil?
Ans.NO emf is induced in the coil as there is no change in the magnetic
flux linked with the secondary coil.
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Q on what factors does the magnitude of induced emf in a coil depends
Ans : the magnitude of the emf in a circuit depends on number of
turns in coil and the rate of change of magnetic flux.

how can the self inductance of a given coil having N number of turns,
area of cross section A and length l be increased? – 1 Marks Ans :
All in one page 267 (9)
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Self Inductance is called the inertia of electricity ? why ?- 1 marks
Ans : Give definition of Self Inductance . This property of a coil is
analogous to mechanical inertia. That is why self-induction is called
the inertia of electricity.

2 Marks Questions
11. Use Lenz's law to determine the direction of induced current in the
situations described by Fig. 6.19:

(a) A wire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape;

(b) A circular loop being deformed into a narrow straight wire.
Ans. According to Lenz's law, the direction of the induced emf is such
that it tends to produce
a current that opposes the change in the magnetic flux that produced
it.
(a) When the shape of the wire changes, the flux piercing through the
unit surface area
increases. As a result, the induced current produces an opposing flux.
Hence, the induced
current flows along adcb.
(b) When the shape of a circular loop is deformed into a narrow straight
wire, the flux
piercing the surface decreases. Hence, the induced current flows along
Motional Electromotive Force : An emf induced by the motion of the
conductor across the magnetic field is a motional electromotive force.
The equation is given by E = -vLB. This equation is true as long as the
velocity, field, and length are mutually perpendicular.
Motional Electromotive Force: Motional emf is induced in a moving electric
conductor in the presence of a magnetic field. When a helicopter lands on the
ground, it enters the Earth’s magnetic field. Based on faraday’s law, the blades of
the helicopter acquire a potential difference. The helicopters are brought down
slowly to avoid any electric shock.
When an electrical conductor is brought into a magnetic field, emf is induced in it
due to its dynamic interaction with the magnetic field. This emf is known as induced
emf. Any change in magnetic flux induces an emf opposing that change. This
process is known as induction. Motion is one of the major causes of induction. For
example, a magnet moved toward a coil induces an emf, and a coil moved toward a
magnet produces a similar emf. This section concentrates on motion in a magnetic
field that is stationary relative to the Earth, producing what is loosely called motional
emf.

What is electromotive force?

Electromotive force or emf is equal to the potential terminal variation when no electric current flows.
Q4

What is induced emf?

Induced emf is the generation of a potential difference in a coil due to the changes in the magnetic flux
through it.

Q5

What is motional emf?

Motional emf is the emf induced by the movement of the conductor through the magnetic field.

What is Inductance?
Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric
current flowing through it. L is used to represent the inductance, and Henry is the SI unit
of inductance. 1 Henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce an
emf of 1 volt in a conductor when the current change in the conductor is at the rate of 1
Ampere per second.
 An electric current flowing through a conductor creates a magnetic field around it. The
strength of the field depends upon the magnitude of the current. The generated
magnetic field follows any changes in the current, and from Faraday’s law of induction,
we know that changing the magnetic field induces an electromotive force in the
conductor. Considering this principle, inductance is defined as the ratio of the induced
voltage to the rate of change of current causing it. The electronic component designed
to add inductance to a circuit is an inductor.

Factors Affecting Inductance

Following factors affect the inductance in a circuit:

 Number of Wire Turns in the Coil

Inductance is greater when the number of turns of wire in the coil is greater. More coils of
wires indicate a greater amount of magnetic field force for a given amount of coil current.
 Coil Area
Inductance is proportional to the coil area. Greater the coil area, the greater the inductance.
Greater coil area presents less opposition to the formation of magnetic field flux for a given
amount of field force
 Core Material
The greater the magnetic permeability of the core to which the coil is wrapped around, the
greater the inductance.
 Coil Length
The longer the coil’s length, the lesser the inductance. The shorter the coil’s length, the
greater the inductance.

Types of Inductance
Inductance is classified into two types as:

 Self Inductance
 Mutual Inductance

 Self-Inductance- VVIMP : The phenomenon of production of

an induced emf in a coil due to change in current in the same coil is called self induction. The
self-induced emf is also called the back emf as it opposes any change in the current in a circuit.
. Self induction is also called the inertia of electricity. Self-induction depends on a coil's
dimensions and length. Self Inductance is used in various sensors. The SI unit of Self Inductance
is Henry (h)
 Mutual Inductance (VVIMP)- The phenomenon of
production of induced emf in one coil due to change of current in the neighboring coil is
called mutual inductance. The emf so induced is called mutually induced emf . mutual
inductance depends on dimensions as well as orientation. Mutual inductance can be used in
transformers, generators and electric motors. The SI unit of mutual inductance
is henry

The Factors Affecting Self and Mutual Inductance

Below are the factors that affect the self-inductance constant ‘L’:

 The geometry of the coils: A coiled arrangement is more likely to trap a larger number of magnetic
field lines than a straight wire arrangement
 The nature of the medium between the two coils: If an insulated ferromagnetic material is used
as the core of a coil, it is likely to result in more magnetic field lines becoming linked and this, in turn,
would raise the value of the coefficient of self-inductance
 The length of the coils: The magnetic flux (ɸ) induced in a longer coil is always less than the flux
induced within a shorter coil

Below are the factors affecting the mutual inductance constant ‘M’:

 The number of turns in coils A and B: The more the number of turns, the higher the mutual
inductance between the two coils
 The size and shape of both the coils: The mutual inductance will be different for coils of distinct
shapes and sizes
 The distance between the two coils: The mutual inductance will be less if the distance between
the two coils is more; if the distance between the two coils is less, the mutual inductance will be
greater
 The magnetic field of the primary coil can meet the magnetic field of the secondary coil when the
distance is less, causing more EMF to be induced in the secondary coil
 The medium between the two coils: In case the coils are kept in a medium, such as air or vacuum,
the mutual inductance of the two coils will be less

Examples of Self and Mutual Inductance

Self-inductance finds its applications in the following examples:

 Tuning circuits
 Inductors that are used as relays
 Various sensors
 Induct the ion motors and transformers

Mutual inductance finds its applications in the following examples:

 Transformers use the concept to alter one AC voltage to another

 Mutual inductance finds its use in pacemakers (used for heart patients)
 Digital signal processing is an example wherein mutual inductance is lowered by the counter-winding
of coils
 An electric cloth dryer uses coils for heating
 The coils can be wound in a counter manner such that their combined magnetic fields balance out
by cancelling each other, significantly reducing the mutual inductance
 Metal detectors at airports also make use of this concept

Define one henry.

One henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce an emf of 1 volt in a
conductor when the current change in the conductor is at the rate of 1 Ampere per second.