Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

Name: Class: ( ) Date:

Slope of a Curve and Tangent
Slope of curve at a point:
If a straight line passes through two points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), the slope of the line is defined by:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
slope =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

The slope of a straight line is always the same. When different parts of the straight line are considered, the
same slope is obtained. However, the slope of a curve is different when different parts of the curve are
considered. Therefore, it makes more sense to look at slope of the curve at a point. (But how?)

Illustration: Find the slope of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at point 𝐴(2, 4)

- Take another point 𝐵1 (4, 16) on the curve.
The slope of the curve at point 𝐴 can be approximated by the slope of 𝐴𝐵1 = ________________. 6
- To improve the approximation, another point closer to 𝐴, say 𝐵2 (3, 9), is considered.

8
5
The slope of the curve at point 𝐴 can be approximated by the slope of 𝐴𝐵2 = ________________.

- The above process of approximation can be further improved by considering points 𝐵3 (2.5, 6.25),
𝐵4 (2.1, 4.41), 𝐵5 (2.01, 4.0401), …

𝐵𝑛 𝐵1 (4, 16) 𝐵2 (3, 9) 𝐵3 (2.5, 6.25) 𝐵4 (2.1, 4.41) 𝐵5 (2.01, 4.0401) …

Slope of 𝐴𝐵𝑛
6 5 4.5 4.1 4.01 …

Tangent to a curve:
- As the process continues, the line segments
𝐴𝐵1 , 𝐴𝐵2 , 𝐴𝐵3 , 𝐴𝐵4 , 𝐴𝐵5 , … approach a “line
𝐴𝐴”. Further discussion will show that this line can
actually be drawn on the coordinate plane. It is

I
called the tangent to the curve at point 𝑨.

- Tangent to the curve at a point touches the curve

at one point only around the point of contact.
However, the tangent may intersect with the
curve again at some point further away.

- It is reasonable to take the slope of tangent at

point 𝐴 as the slope of the curve at point 𝐴.

- 4
Notice that the slopes of the line segments 𝐴𝐵1 , 𝐴𝐵2 , 𝐴𝐵3 … approach to a value of __________.

Page 1 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Slope of curve:
Denote the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Observe that
𝑓(4) − 𝑓(2) 𝑓(3) − 𝑓(2) 𝑓(2.5) − 𝑓(2)
slope of 𝐴𝐵1 = , slope of 𝐴𝐵2 = , slope of 𝐴𝐵3 = ,…
4−2 3−2 2.5 − 2

Therefore, the slope of the line segments 𝐴𝐵1 , 𝐴𝐵2 , 𝐴𝐵3 , 𝐴𝐵4 , 𝐴𝐵5 , … can be expressed in the form
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(2)
slope =
𝑥−2
, where 𝑥 = 4, 3, 2.5, 2.1, 2.01, … 2

As a result, the slope of tangent (or the curve) at 𝐴 can be understood as the limit

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(2)
slope of tangent = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
=
Is Is 2 2 2 4
In general, the slope of the curve at a point where 𝑥 = 𝑎 is:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
slope = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

Derivative:
There is another representation of the slope of tangent. Let ℎ be the horizontal distance between the points
𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 , 𝐵5 , … and point 𝐴. The slopes of line segments 𝐴𝐵1 , 𝐴𝐵2 , 𝐴𝐵3 , … can be written as
𝑓(2 + ℎ) − 𝑓(2)
slope = , where ℎ = 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, … 0
ℎ

As a result, the slope of tangent can be written as

5
𝑓(2 + ℎ) − 𝑓(2)
slope of tangent = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
=
his his t Is 4 4 4
In general, the slope of the curve at a point where 𝑥 = 𝑎 is:
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
slope = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Define a new function 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), called the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝒙, as:

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
Derivative = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

By putting different values to the derivative, the slope of the curve at different points are obtained.
𝑓(3+ℎ)−𝑓(3)
For example, the slope of the curve when 𝑥 = 3 is 𝑓 ′ (3) = lim ℎ
. Therefore, derivative can be
ℎ→0
understood as the slope of curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

The process of finding the derivative is called differentiating 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙.

Page 2 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
NOTES:
- There are many different notations of derivative. All of the following has the same meaning as 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′, , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The following definition of derivative is commonly used in other texts.

𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim = lim
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

𝑑𝑦
- The value of derivative when 𝑥 = 𝑎 is usually denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) or | .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎

- Similar to limits, the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) might not exist at certain values of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
If |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎
can be found, then the function is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

- Finding derivative by evaluating the limit by definition is called finding the derivative from first
principles. More convenient methods to find the derivative of a function will be introduced.

Q1. Solve the following problems related to finding derivatives from first principles.
Example:
Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) from first principles where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1.

f x
Iffathffe figCathinff
I t
fig hyh.fi
him 3 43 4 4
2
3
[3𝑥 2]
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 from first principles.

8 1 451 8
1

25 4 hth 3h 22
Is nx
h.is 4 24 3
4 3

[4𝑥 − 3]

Page 3 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑑𝑦 1
Find 𝑑𝑥
from first principles where 𝑦 = 𝑥+2.

his
L
L's

III

1
[− (𝑥+2)2]

Differentiate 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1 with respect to 𝑥 from first principles.

his tf
t.EE iI

LS MITE

1
[ ]
√2𝑥−1

Page 4 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

2
Find 𝑓 ′ (6) from first principles where 𝑓(𝑥) = .
√3𝑥−2
Can find f'd and
7
161
1 8 6
put
E
L
iii t.ci E E
fEnt
Li tidEtt
L 215 4 4

z.IE
64 [−
3
64
]

Example:
𝑑𝑦
(a) Find | from first principles where 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 when 𝑥 = 1.

1t
1a
8 if
e
34 1
1 24111
L's Hh
b When 1 4 4 1 12 4
Eg of tangent

[(a) 1, (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3]

Page 5 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑑𝑦
(a) Find from first principles where 𝑦 = √6 − 5𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = √6 − 5𝑥 when 𝑥 = 1.

d 6 5
a
ftp hTjFI
E
find iE E É

L's GEITE
FEE
2
b When x1 1
y
4
Eg of tangent
y_ 522 1

2 24 5 5
5 24 7 0

5 5 7
[(a) − , (b) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + = 0]
2√6−5𝑥 2 2

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 6 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Rules of Differentiation
Finding derivatives from first principles is not convenient. Most of the time, derivatives are found by
memorizing formulas and following some rules of operations.

Derivatives of powers of 𝑥:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑛
∗ (𝑐) = 0, where 𝑐 is a constant ∗ (𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof:

6 fig 1 0 0

E h for n being a positive integer

11g
fig
x t 4xh ht th

na
Rules of basic operations of derivatives:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) be differentiable functions of 𝑥.
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
∗ [𝑢 ± 𝑣] = ± ∗ (𝑘𝑢) = 𝑘 , where 𝑘 is a constant
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof:

Utu
if cthfet
Lp 48
d
td
kfaths
ka fig hk
fd
kfin.fm
k

Page 7 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q2. Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
(a) 𝑦 = 20 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥17 (c) 𝑦 = 10√𝑥
1 3
(d) 𝑦 = −4𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 (e) 𝑦 = 6𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 1 (f) 𝑦= + 𝑥 √𝑥 − 8√𝑥 5
√𝑥
3 8
𝑥 2 −6𝑥 2 +3𝑥 3
(g) 𝑦= 3 (h) 𝑦 = (8𝑥 − 5)(3𝑥 + 1) (i) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1)(3 + 𝑥)
√𝑥

1a 0 b 81 17 16

Ex
fl
4 3 4
le 3 5 21
4 61 8
1 3
4
562 1 2 36 2 327
3 SEE
4tIox 20 3

19 5 3 Chl 24 7
2
5
y 6 3 4
fxᵗ 6 E 723 42 2422 7 7
10 3 7 31 48 7

lis Y 2
3
6 4 3
2137 6 2 1 1

6 2 12 1

1 3
5 1 3 3
[(a) 0, (b) 17𝑥16 , (c) , (d) −12𝑥 2 + 7, (e) − + 10𝑥, (f) − 3 + 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 2
√𝑥 2𝑥 4 2𝑥 2 2
1 2 4
7
(g) 𝑥 6 − 10𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 3, (h) 48𝑥 − 7, (i) 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1]
6

Page 8 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q3. Solve the following problems of differentiation.
Consider the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 10. Find 𝑔′ (3).

S a 157 4
9 2 15 32 4 3
147

[147]
1 1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 − 𝑥, find the value(s) of 𝑎 such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 2.

f x 3
2
C I
It
fla 2
924 2
am

[±1]
3
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, show that 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2 = 0.

y
L NS 2y t a y 2
2 1 t x 2
2 2

EH S

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 9 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

Product and Quotient Rule:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) be differentiable functions of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
∗ (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑣 +𝑢 ∗ ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Proof of the product rule:

UV plz fhtbskthl
nfalg
figfwsathl s tfxgath.FI

I Kath fates
SA If fly 4
vÉtu

Q4. Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.

8
(a) 𝑦 = (8𝑥 − 5)(3𝑥 + 1) (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +3

E
48 7 127

16𝑥
[(a) 48𝑥 − 7, (b) − (𝑥2 ]
+3)2

Page 10 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

(c) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1)(3 + 𝑥) (d) 𝑦 = (1 + 3𝑥 3 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1)

2+4𝑥
(e) 𝑦 = (6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4) (f) 𝑦 = 1−5𝑥
3𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
(g) 𝑦= (h) 𝑦 =
5𝑥 2 −2 𝑥−3

14 147 42 1141
3
191 d 4
4 412 2 41
2
6 12 1
HI 11 644 1 9 2 1323 2 4
9 4 36592 674412 3 2 4
4
5 48549542 4

EE
f d
e 1h y
4 I
I

14 3(5𝑥 2 +2) 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+7

[(c) 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1, (d) 15𝑥 4 + 48𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4, (e) 24𝑥 3 + 51𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 7, (f) (1−5𝑥)2
, (g) − (5𝑥2 , (h) ]
−2)2 (𝑥−3)2

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 11 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Variable name in differentiation:
Recall the concept of dummy variable in function notations. For example, the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 can
also be written as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 . However, the variable names are important in differentiation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
For example, when 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is differentiated with respect to 𝒙, the result is 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
However, if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 is differentiated with respect to 𝑥 , then the result 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡 2 ) will be
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
unknown. Instead, differentiating 𝑓(𝑡) with respect to 𝒕 gives 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 2 ) = 2𝑡.

Composite functions:
The concept of composite function is to break down more complicated functions into simpler components.

For example, the function 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)3 can be viewed as 𝑦 = 𝑢3 and 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3 . It can also be
expressed as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢3 and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3.

The way to break down a function is not unique. For example, the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥(3𝑥 + 1) can be viewed
as 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑢 + 1) and 𝑢 = 3𝑥. Alternatively, it can also be viewed as 𝑦 = (𝑣 − 1)𝑣 and 𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 1.

Differentiation of composite functions:

Chain Rule:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) be differentiable functions of 𝑢 and 𝑥 respectively. The derivative of
𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 can be found by:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

For example:
Consider the function 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)3. Let 𝑦 = 𝑢3 and 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, we have
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑢3 ) ⋅ (2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑢2 ⋅ 2
= 6(2𝑥 + 3)2

The result can be verified by expanding the function and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 directly.

𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)3
= 8𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 27
𝑑𝑦
= 24𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 + 54
𝑑𝑥
= 6(4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9)
= 6(2𝑥 + 3)2

Page 12 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q5. Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
(a) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 8)5 (b) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)100
(c) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5)2 (d) 𝑦 = (4 − 𝑥 2 )3
3 1
(e) 𝑦 = 4 √4𝑥 2 + 3 (f) 𝑦 = √4−3𝑥 2

a let yes mar 8

d
cuss 3 8 II 100499
544 3 3
515 3 814 300 3 159

111 let y u2 4 2 2 6 5 H let y u u 4x

Hx 1421 2
2
6 5 HE cast 4 2

sins

101 Let y f a 4 43 If let ye 4 43

2

4 Era 4 43

u 8x
EE

3𝑥 3𝑥
[(a) 15(3𝑥 − 8)4 , (b) 300(3𝑥 − 1)99, (c) 4(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5), (d) −6𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 , (e) , (f) 3 ]
√4𝑥 2 +3 (4−3𝑥 2 )2

Page 13 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

(𝑥−2)4
(g) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)4 (h) 𝑦 = 2𝑥+3
5 (2 𝑥−1
(i) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 3) − 𝑥) (j) 𝑦 = √𝑥 2
+4

191 Hx 1 2 a 4 21

2 2x 14 2 17
2 1 2731 2 2 7
2 1 21313 2

1h1 t x
f
12 t344 YE.IE
24 25I
I

i Hx 12 x 2 31 2x 3 12
2 522 314121 2 356 11
2 3 1022 2 3

12 3 12 23

jsff.fiIIffEE
fIIF4I
E4

2(𝑥−2)3 (3𝑥+8) 𝑥+4

[(g) 2𝑥(𝑥 + 2)3 (3𝑥 + 2), (h) (2𝑥+3)2
, (i) (2𝑥 − 3)4 (−12𝑥 + 23), (j) 3 ]
(𝑥 2 +4)2

Page 14 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q6. Solve the following problems of differentiation.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥√7 − 3𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) Find 𝑑𝑥
. (b) Find |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
.
a
42 43 4
1 1 214
7
7 3 31 E

14−9𝑥 5
[(a) , (b) ]
2√7−3𝑥 4
4−𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 2 .
+1
(a) Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). (b) Find 𝑓 ′ (2).

b f'd
A

−8𝑥−1 17
[(a) 3 , (b) − ]
(2𝑥 2 +1)2 27

𝑥−1 4
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) .
𝑥+1
(a) Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). (b) Find 𝑓 ′ (3).

F x 40 PL YEIIf f's

8(𝑥−1)3 1
[(a) (𝑥+1)5
, (b) ]
16

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 15 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

Derivatives of trigonometric functions:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
∗ (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ∗ (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 ∗ (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof:
six
sin in fifty
E

L's 20K
2cos E HE
cost

Cost igosdthh.ae I can

I sine
L pe 1 cos E a C1

f sinx

25in E 1 I
sinx
Hana

ffffffff 1dec

cnzz.fi osa t.ua

4 tn f siatin
I 1
0s

1
seek
sec x

Page 16 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q7. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥 from first principles.
𝑦 = sin 4𝑥
s.in
Limo sinkkthlf

Hg2cos4tftsinzh

L 20s Is
20054 1 2
40054

[4 cos 4𝑥]
𝑦 = sec 𝑥

se
secathf
is
isiii.IE

it B
KG
secatan x

[sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥]

Page 17 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝜋
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥, find 𝑓 ′ (2 ) from first principles.

f E figEthasE hf I.co

L cos th 0

L EE cos Eth
If I COS

𝜋
[− ]
2
𝜋
If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥, find 𝑓 ′ (4 ) from first principles.

f E Liz
si
os
LEthlcoskthn
s.in

figIsin
E h I
L 92412
L sigh
L E fifth
i 10
0

[0]

Page 18 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q8. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
(a) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = tan 5𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1
cos2 𝑥 sin
𝑥
(e) 𝑦= (f) 𝑦= 1
2 sin 𝑥 1+cos
𝑥

at x seÑt 2 cost 111 3sinxcos

1
sec 5x 5 d tanxcosxtcinxsec
5s.ec 5

sinxttanxsec
f xsinxkwsxltsingffofxoles
fl 2osx 9IE
0
2 04

Ctas E t
g
_os

xÉE

cos 𝑥(2+cot2 𝑥) 1
[(a) sec 2 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥, (b) 3 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥, (c) 5 sec 2 5𝑥, (d) sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥, (e) − , (f) − 1 ]
2 𝑥 2 (1+cos )
𝑥

Page 19 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q9. Solve the following problems of differentiation.
If 𝑓(𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥, find 𝑓 ′ (𝜋).

f x Cost C Cost f sinx f sinx

sink cos x

f T sink cos T
I

[−1]
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = , find | .
1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

1 1
[ ]
2

If 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥, show that (𝑦 ′ )2 2

+ 4𝑦 = 4.

y 20527
L HS y 442
120052 12 4 si 2x

4052 4sin 2x
42.4.5

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 20 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions:

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
∗ (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ (ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Proof:

h
let.fi
e
nIfdnx kghathth
this.tn nt
h sE
et hzln Hht
ie
L INCITÉ
As h o too

L et

Q10. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥 from first principles.
𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥

5m
1
Lp.EE x

e5t 1.
5e57

[5𝑒 5𝑥 ]

Page 21 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

2 +𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

HE igehitxthy.ee
E
L
L EE.IE atHD

p 1 2 1
2 1 0747 2 +𝑥
[(2𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 ]
𝑦 = ln 3𝑥
I y tnstln
1zhB d kst
h.is nC5t f I ftp.tnsthkthln
1
hisInCH It fIg1nAtI
Inlet
I
1
[ ]
𝑥

𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 )

ftp.tnathigtd iy
2ln hi
1E21n4thI21I
t
L Inc I
h
I tighttihya
Inflt I

I
2
[ ]
𝑥

Page 22 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q11. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
2 −3𝑥+2
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 𝑒 −6𝑥
1
1+𝑒 𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 √𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = 1−𝑒 𝑥
4𝑥−5
(e) 𝑦= 𝑒 2𝑥
(f) 𝑦 = 5𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
(g) 𝑦= (h) 𝑦 = 2−𝑥
2𝑥−3

d 6 43 a
a
et 2 2 2 3 b
If e x4 e 161

2 3
e 2 3 7

C4 test Cd l e7e t

ee
I

e 84 4 1,670 4 4 5 1454
d 51
4 8 e 5

In 5 5
142

Ch 147
9 4 2 e

e
1 eu C1n2
1n2 2

1
2 −3𝑥+2 𝑒 √𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
[(a) 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3), (b) 2𝑥 3 𝑒 −6𝑥 (2 − 3𝑥), (c) − , (d)
2√𝑥 𝑥2 (1−𝑒 𝑥 )2
14−8𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 (6𝑥−11)
(e) , (f) (ln 5)5 𝑥 , (g) , (h) (− ln 2)2−𝑥 ]
𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥−3)2

Page 23 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

1
(i) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 4) (j) 𝑦 = ln (2𝑥+3)
(k) 𝑦 = log 5 2𝑥 (l) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥 + 2)3
ln 4𝑥
(m) 𝑦 = (n) 𝑦 = ln[(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4)]
𝑥
𝑥+4
(o) 𝑦 = ln √(2𝑥−1)2 (p) 𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥)

i
4 4 51 Y In In 2 3

4 341
3
k
y 1og2x l
yet nextz 3 natz

d I 81 3 In 2 271
2
2

a GINA
ml d
7474721Mt ca
y Inflatala413 11 3 11nA4

11 Is
10
t.NET III
In 441 21412 113
p y logzli al thf.tt
1 4 11217 13
22

2 47 1

IE
[(i)
1 2
, (j) − 2𝑥+3, (k)
1
, (l)
3𝑥 2
+ 6𝑥 ln(𝑥 + 2), (m)
1−ln 4𝑥
, (n)
2𝑥−1
, (o)
−2𝑥−17
, (p)
3𝑥 2 −2
]
𝑥+4 (ln 5)𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥2 (𝑥−4)(𝑥+3) 2(𝑥+4)(2𝑥−1) (ln 2)(𝑥 3 −2𝑥)

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 24 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Second Derivatives
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a differentiable function of 𝑥 . Sometimes, the derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is again a differentiable
function of 𝑥. When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is differentiated with respect to 𝑥 again, the second derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is
obtained, denoted by 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥). For example, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2.
Second derivatives can also be denoted by
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2 𝑑2
𝑦 ′′ , , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
The value of second derivative when 𝑥 = 𝑎 is usually denoted by 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) or |
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑎
.

𝑑𝑛 𝑦
NOTE: The 𝑛th derivative of a function 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) or 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
can be defined similarly.

Q12. Find the second derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
1
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 (b) 𝑦 = (𝑥+4)2
1
(c) 𝑦 = √4𝑥 − 5 (d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos ( )
𝑥

a 2
3 6 4

117 6 6

74
4 d d
cos Csin IE
IF cos Isin
z 2 E 4 5524 sin CE
sin E cos C 7

2
1
6 4 cos( )
𝑥
[(a) 6𝑥 + 6, (b) (𝑥+4)4
, (c) − 3 , (d) − ]
(4𝑥−5)2 𝑥3

Page 25 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

(e) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 (f) 𝑦 = 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥

e
4 522 7 2671 1
e 2 22 2 736714
xé 2 x e 2 4 2
12 130

f nx 2ha 2Inx x

In 2 ax 2 ax 2
L mar 2
II 2InxC
21

2 ln 𝑥
[(e) (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2)𝑒 −𝑥 , (f) ]
𝑥

Q13. Solve the following problems related to second derivatives.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 4. Solve the following equations.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
(a) =0 (b) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

2
a
3 24 36 0

7 fattz 0

E 2or6
as
1 6 24 0
7 4

[(a) 2 or 6, (b) 4]

Page 26 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑦 = cos √𝑒 𝑥 . Show that 4 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 0.

Y cos E
since E E
E since
E E E
I since e cos

in E cos E
i L HS 4C É since Ite cos e 2 É sin E te cos et
E sin E etcos E
since e cos

HS

Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥). If 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑘𝑦 = 0, where 𝑘 is a constant, find the value of 𝑘.

sinal
Y Gina cosa e 1 e cost

2é cost

y 2 coax e X1 e csinal
2e sin at coax

i 2e into a He cosat ke sina.com

sinx cosx k 2 sinx cosx

K 2
[2]

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 27 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
Functions like 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 are called explicit functions. They all have 𝑦 as the
2

subject of the function. Finding the derivative of some typical explicit functions was discussed in the previous
sections.

On the other hand, functions like 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 and 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 2 are called implicit functions. They do not
have 𝑦 as the subject of the function. To find the derivative of implicit functions, differentiate both sides of
the expression with respect to 𝑥 and apply chain rule when needed. This is called implicit differentiation.

𝑑𝑦
Q14. Find in the following functions.
𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (b) 𝑥 = cos(𝑦 2 )
3
(c) 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (d) 𝑦 3 = 2 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)

a Ayty o
b Icosly
Diff bothsides

EEoSCy3
t2y E
w.v.t.x
Ytx EC
1 sinCy C2y
7 24 2 y
2s H
1 72 44 72 d y Zsinkty

is EE
2x
4 3f ii 2x 3pe 2COSAty7CHaE
4 I
Ey 2cosktyB 2 costaty

IEI
E
𝑦 1 𝑥𝑦 3 2 cos(𝑥+𝑦)
[(a) − , (b) − , (c) , (d) ]
𝑥+2𝑦 2𝑦 sin(𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦 3 −3 3𝑦 2 −2 cos(𝑥+𝑦)

Page 28 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

(e) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 (f) ln(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑥

(g) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 (h) ln √𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦

Ie e eY 2xty If Inktyl y
Diff both sides w.v.tt

d
Inky
d ya
e E 2 d
I
31 1 4 2 ex
1 I
l x y x 1
d y

Y
y e
h Y
9 Infy xe
Diffinth sides wait

ly Le
is j
e 1
It e 47864
2 4 e
Y
Ite I
I

𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑥+𝑦+1 𝑒𝑥 2𝑦𝑒 2𝑦
[(e) , (f) , (g) , (h) ]
3𝑒 3𝑦 +1 𝑥+𝑦−1 𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 𝑥 1−4𝑥𝑦𝑒 2𝑦

Page 29 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Q15. Solve the following problems of differentiation.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ln 𝑥.
(a) Show that 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦.
(b) Show that 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + (1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 .

as
I Een e t
y e 2x natl

ay e ᵗt2Ay
b f e t2xy
y't xy e 2
24 try
xy Cl a y 24 28

𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25. Find | .
𝑑𝑥 (3,4)

City 251
2 24

1m

3
[− ]
4

Page 30 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

Let 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 27.
(a) Find the possible values of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
(b) Find the possible values of when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥

a When 1 4

b
EIGHT 1271
21244 I 0

When
43 81 2

when 4 2 Eli si

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
[(a) ±3, (b) | =− ; | = ]
𝑑𝑥 (1,3) 2 𝑑𝑥 (1,−3) 2

Page 31 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥𝑦 2
Let 3𝑦 2 −𝑥2
= 1.
(a) Find the possible values of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
(b) Find the possible values of when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥

a when 1
42 1
242 4 1
or

CH
2
Xytxy 3 22
2
yay 342
x̅ xt2xyt2xy ty 6y x 2x
May 6NL 2x 2ay
y
x

When 1
4 1
When 4 1 4 É

1 𝑑𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 5
[(a) 1 or − , (b) | = ; | =− ]
2 𝑑𝑥 (1,1) 3 𝑑𝑥 (1,−1) 12
2

Page 32 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑦 𝑥
Let + − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0.
1+𝑦 1+𝑥
(a) Find the possible values of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
(b) Find the possible values of 𝑑𝑥
when 𝑥 = 1.

as when
y 0
2 14

b
C
Ey O

24 24 0

E p Zay D
p

when ya 4 3
When
4 11 a

1 𝑑𝑦 7 𝑑𝑦 5
[(a) 1 or − , (b) | =− ; | =− ]
2 𝑑𝑥 (1,1) 3 𝑑𝑥 (1,−1) 12
2

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

Page 33 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation
Logarithmic Differentiation
When a function is expressed as product/quotient or powers of algebraic functions, finding the derivative
after taking logarithm on both sides may be more efficient.

Q16. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to 𝑥.

(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 52𝑥 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)3 (4𝑥 + 5)6

1a
y x

Iny x ax

lay Ant
In a

In 1

b
Y 235
Iny 3 nxt 2 145
lay 3 ax 2x as

1 21h5

4 245 35
c e 7 2 14 516
y
lay 2x 3 alata 6In 4 5
lay 2 3 alata 6 a 4 5

44 2 64 4

If 2 4s e 2 4 5

3 3 24
[(a) (1 + ln 𝑥)𝑥 𝑥 , (b) ( + 2 ln 5) 𝑥 3 52𝑥 , (c) (2 + + ) 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)3 (4𝑥 + 5)6 ]
𝑥 𝑥+2 4𝑥+5

Page 34 of 35
Mathematics Extended Module 2 – Differentiation

𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑥+2
(d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 +2𝑥−4 (e) 𝑦 = (𝑥−4) (f) 𝑦 = (1 + 3𝑥)𝑥
√2𝑥−1

Id Y
ny 3x In 1 2 4
3
lay 3x In 1 2 4

441 3 a3 4 2 42

13 I
e
y
1h Inf
y In 3 2 4 a 2 1

lay In 3 2 In 1 4 In 2 11

6 III
f 1 37
Y
Iny In 1 3 7
lay Ex In 1 37
48 In 1 24 17
8 Incita in CHAT

3𝑥 2 +2 𝑒 3𝑥 3 1 1 3𝑥+2 3𝑥
[(d) (3 − ) , (e) ( − − ) , (f) [ + ln(1 + 3𝑥)] (1 + 3𝑥)𝑥 ]
𝑥 3 +2𝑥−4 𝑥 3 +2𝑥−4 3𝑥+2 𝑥−4 2𝑥−1 (𝑥−4)√2𝑥−1 1+3𝑥

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

End of Notes

Page 35 of 35