REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I

(CE-320)

MODULE-9
DESIGN OF RC FOOTING

Dr. Akhtar Gul

Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar, Bannu Campus

(Includes material courtesy of Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali)

LECTURE CONTENTS
General
➢ Part I Design of Wall Footing
• General
• ACI Recommendations
• Design Procedure
• Examples
➢ Part II Design of Isolated Square Footing
• General
• ACI Recommendations
• Design Procedure
• Examples
➢ References

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 2

GENERAL
Foundation
• The substructure, or foundation, is the part of a structure that is usually placed below the surface of
the ground and that transmits the load to the underlying soil or rock.

• Foundation is regarded as the most important component of engineered systems

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 3

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
Foundations can be divided into two broad categories depending on the depth of foundation:

1. Shallow Foundations

• Load transfer occurs at shallower depths.

• Examples: Isolated, Wall, Combined, Mat footings.

2. Deep Foundations

• Load transfer occurs at deeper depths.

• Examples: Piles, drilled piers, drilled caissons.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 4

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

i. Isolated column footing

• Isolated column footing carrying a single

column is usually called spread footing.

• Sometimes spread footings are tapered or

stepped to save materials.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 5

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

ii. Wall Footing (Strip Footing)

• Wall footings or strip footings display essentially one-

dimensional action, cantilevering out on each side of the wall.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 6

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

iii. Combined Footing

• A combined footing is a type of footing supporting

two or more than two columns.

• A combined footing can be

i. Two columns footing
ii. Column Strip or Multiple Columns Footing

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 7

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

vi. Mat footing

• A mat or raft foundation transfers the loads from all the columns in a building to the
underlying soil.

• Mat foundations are used when excessive loads are supported on a limited area or when very
weak soils are encountered.

• Mat footings are essentially inverted slabs and hence they have as much configurations as
typical slab systems have.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 8

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

vi. Mat footing

Mat Footing with Beams Mat Footing without Beams

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 9

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
1. Types of Shallow Foundations

vi. Mat footing

Mat Footing with Drop panels Mat Footing with Column capitals

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 10

GENERAL
Classification of Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

• This type of foundation is essential when the supporting ground consists of structurally
unsound layers of materials to large depths.

• The piles maybe either end bearing, skin friction, or both.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 11

GENERAL
Selection of Foundation
The choice of foundation type is selected in consultation with geotechnical engineer.

• Factors to be considered are:

• Soil strength

• Soil type

• Variability of soil type over the area and with increasing depth

• Susceptibility of the soil and the building to deflections.

• Construction methods

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 12

 Part I
Design of Wall Footing

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 13

WALL FOOTING
Behavior
• A wall footing behaves just like a cantilever, where the cantilever extends out from the wall and is
loaded in an upward direction by the soil pressure.

Cantilever

Soil Pressure
Deformed shape

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 14

WALL FOOTING
Stepped Wall Footing
• Steps are provided to reduce ‘k’ (Moment arm), resulting in reduction of flexure reinforcement.

k kr

qu qu

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WALL FOOTING
Reinforcement
• Main reinforcement for flexure is placed at the bottom of the footing perpendicular to the wall
along the short direction, as shown.

• Temperature reinforcement is placed at the bottom of the footing parallel to the wall along the
long direction.
Main Reinforcement

Plan of wall footing

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 16

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Minimum Thickness
As per ACI 318-19, Section 13.3.1.2 and 13.3.1.3:

• Minimum thickness shall be selected such that the effective depth of bottom reinforcement is at
least 6 in.

• In sloped, stepped, or tapered foundations, depth and location of steps or angle of slope shall be
such that design requirements are satisfied at every section.

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 17

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Design Criteria
• The wall footing is designed like a beam or one way slab, by considering a typical 12-in. wide
strip along the wall length.

Unit Strip (12″)

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Required Bearing Area
• Required area of wall footing, is the area of unit
strip as shown below.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐵 ∗ 1 = 𝐵

• Determination of bearing area requires the

𝑏
allowable bearing capacity of soil, which is
explained next. 𝐵

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 19

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Required Bearing Area
• Allowable bearing capacity 𝒒𝒂 is the maximum pressure that a soil can support without
experiencing shear failure or excessive settlement.

• Allowable bearing capacity for a foundation is typically measured at its base level without
considering the weight of back fill and concrete pad

Back fill

Base level of
footing

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 20

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Required Bearing Area
• Effective bearing capacity 𝒒𝒆 is the net allowable capacity of soil, determined by subtracting
weight of backfill and concrete pad from the allowable bearing capacity that is
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑊𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 21

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Required Bearing Area
• As per ACI 318-19, Section 13.3.1.1,Footing bearing area is calculated based on unfactored forces
or service loads as follows:
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
fill fill
𝐷+𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑞𝑎 − 𝑊
conc.
Where; 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑞𝑎 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑞𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑊 = 𝑊𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 Food for Thought:

Why is the ultimate load not considered
to calculate the required area of footing?

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 22

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure k
Concrete
wall
➢ Critical Location (for concrete wall) Critical section

• According to ACI 318-19, Section 13.2.7.1, for a footing

supporting concrete wall, critical section is located at the
face of the wall is given by: qu
𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑘 2
𝑀𝑢 =
2
where;
b RC
𝑞𝑢 =Bearing pressure of soil Column

𝑏 =Width of footing, which is taken as 1ft k

𝑘 = Distance of critical section from the end of footing

b
Bending moment calculation

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
➢ Concrete Location (for concrete wall)

Concrete wall

𝑡
𝐵−𝑡
𝑘=
𝑡 2

Concrete wall
Critical section

Critical section

qu qu

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
➢ Critical Location (for masonry wall)

• According to ACI 318-19, Section 13.2.7.1, for a footing supporting masonry wall, critical section is
located between the edge and the middle of the wall.
𝑡 2 𝑡 𝑡
𝑞𝑢 𝑏 𝑘 + 2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 4
2 k
Masonry wall

Critical section

qu 𝑡
4

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
➢ Flexural Capacity

• Flexural capacity can be calculated in the same way as for beams, that is;
𝑎
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
Where;

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
For no failure;
𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 26

ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
➢ Minimum reinforcement

• According to ACI 318-19, Section 7.6.1.1, Minimum reinforcement is given by:

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
Where;
• Maximum bar spacing
b = 12 inches and
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 18" h = thickness of footing

• Clear cover

Minimum 3″ clear cover must be provided to protect the bars from corrosion.

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Shear
➢ Shear Capacity

• Design shear capacity 𝜙𝑉𝑐 is given by

𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 2𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑

Where;

𝑏 =Width of footing, which is taken as 1ft.

• 𝜙𝑉𝑐 should be equal to or greater than 𝑉𝑢 .

• If 𝜙𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 , the depth of footing is increased instead of providing any shear reinforcement.

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Shear
➢ Critical Section

• Only one-way shear or beam shear is significant in wall footing. Hence critical shear is determined
at critical section which is at a distance “d” from the face of support.

• Shear force at a distance “d” can be calculated as;

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏(𝑘 − 𝑑) Critical
section

Wall

𝑑
𝑘− 𝑑
𝑏

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
➢ Step 1: Selection of sizes
• Thickness
• Bearing area
➢ Step 2: Calculation of loads (bearing pressure)
➢ Step 3: Analysis
• Shear force
• Bending moment
➢ Step 4: Applying shear check
➢ Step 5: Determination of reinforcement
➢ Step 6: Check for minimum reinforcement
➢ Step 7: Detailing and Drafting
➢ Step 8: Drafting

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step1:Selection of sizes
➢ Thickness

• Assume thickness h of the footing that satisfies the shear requirements. Minimum allowable
thickness of wall footing = 9 in.

• Also, calculate effective depth of footing “d”

Footing Pad
𝑑𝑏
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑦ത = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 −
2
ℎ
Where; 𝑦
¯

𝐶𝑐 =Clear cover which is 3in. Rebar

𝑑𝑏 =Diameter of rebar to be used ¯ = 𝐶c + 𝑑b/2

𝑦

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step1:Selection of sizes
• Required bearing area

• Determine bearing area using service loads

𝐷+𝐿
𝐴=
𝑞𝑒
Where;
fill fill
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑐 ℎ − 𝛾𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑍 − ℎ 𝑍

ℎ conc.

𝑞a is taken at this level

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step2:Calculation of loads (bearing pressure)
• Calculate factored load using the following formula
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑝𝑣𝑑

𝑘 u
Concrete 𝑡
wall Critical section

can be considered as

𝑘 = (𝐵 − 𝑡 )/2
qu

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step3:Analysis
➢ One-way shear force (beam shear)
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏(𝑘 − 𝑑)
𝑑 𝑞u
• Bending moment 𝑀u

𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑘 2
𝑀𝑢 = (Concrete wall)
2 𝑘= (𝐵 − 𝑡 )/2

And
𝑡 2 𝑉u
𝑞𝑢 𝑏 𝑘+
𝑀𝑢 = 4
(Masonry wall)
2

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step4:Applying shear check
➢ Calculated concrete capacity for one-way shear (beam shear) and compare with demand;
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 2𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑

• If 𝜙𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 → Depth of footing is sufficient

• If 𝜙𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 → Increase the depth of footing

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step5:Determination of flexural reinforcement
➢ Determine steel area either by Trial and Success method, or using direct method as follows;

2.614𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢
𝑎=𝑑− 𝑑2 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝜙𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2

Step 6: Check for minimum flexural reinforcement

➢ Check the calculated area in previous step with minimum reinforcement limit
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step7:Detailing of reinforcement
➢ Flexural bars
12𝐴𝑏
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 𝑜𝑓 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 18"

➢ Shrinkage and Temperature bars

𝐴𝑠+𝑇 = 0.0018𝐵ℎ
Where;
𝐴𝑠+𝑇 B = Width of footing (in) and
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐴𝑏 h = thickness of footing (in)
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 5ℎ 𝑜𝑟 18"

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step 8:Drafting
➢ Provide a neat and clear drawing in both plan and sectional views showing all necessary details such
as:

• Dimensional details

• width, thickness, depth of base from NSL etc.)

• Reinforcement details

• Direction and spacing of main bars and distribution bars

• Development length and hook lengths

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Example 9.1
• A 12-in thick concrete wall carries a service dead load of 10 kips/ft and a service live load of 12.5
kips/ft. The loads are acting at the base of the wall. The allowable bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑎 , is 5000 psf
at the level of the base of the footing, which is 5 ft below the finish floor level. The density of soil is
120𝑙𝑏./𝑓𝑡 3

Design a wall footing using 𝑓𝑐′ = 3500𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000𝑝𝑠𝑖.

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Example 9.1

We have given the following data

• Wall thickness = 12 in.

• Service dead load = 10 kips

• Service live load = 12.5 kips

• Depth of base from FFL = 5ft FFL

• Allowable bearing capacity = 5ksf

Z = 5’
• Unit weight of concrete = 0.150kcf

• Unit weight of backfill = 0.120kcf

• 𝑓𝑐′ = 3.5𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution
• Step 1: Selection of sizes
Footing Pad
• Thickness
Assume thickness of footing “h” as 12 in.
ℎ
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑦ത
𝑦
¯
𝑑𝑏 Rebar
𝑦ത = 𝐶𝑐 +
2 ¯ = 𝐶c + 𝑑b/2
𝑦
Taking size of bar as #4 As per 20.5.1.3.1, Clear cover for concrete
cast against and permanently in contact with
𝑑𝑏 4 ground is 3in.
𝑦ത = 𝐶𝑐 + =3+ = 3.25
2 16
So,
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓"

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution
• Step 1: Selection of sizes
`
• Required bearing area
𝐷+𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑞𝑒
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑍 − ℎ − 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (ℎ)
𝑊 f i ll 𝑊 f i ll
Substituting the values, we get 𝑍 = 5'

𝑞𝑒 = 5 − 0.12 5 − 1 − 0.15(1) 12" ` 𝑊 conc.

𝒒𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝒔𝒇

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 42

DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Solution
• Step 1: Selection of sizes

• Required bearing area

Now,
𝐷 + 𝐿 10 + 12.5
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 5.15𝑓𝑡 2
𝑞𝑒 4.37
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝐵 ∗ 1
𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓′ ≈ 𝟓′ − 𝟐"

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Solution
• Step 2: Calculation of Loads
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑝𝑣𝑑

On substituting values, we get

1.2 10 + 1.6 12.5
𝑞𝑢 =
5.17 ∗ 1
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝒔𝒇

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 3: Analysis 5-2 = 62

• One-way shear (beam shear) t =12 k = 25

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 𝑘 − 𝑑
𝑏 − 𝑡 62 − 12 d
Footing
𝑘= = = 25“
2 2 8.75 16.25

Now,
b =1 ft strip
6.19 1 25 − 8.75
𝑉𝑢 =
12 Critical Section
𝑽𝒖 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 for Shear

Wall

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Solution

➢ Step 3: Analysis
Critical section
Concrete wall
Bending moment
𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑘 2
𝑀𝑢 =
2
12"
𝑘 = 25“
2
25
6.19 1
12
𝑀𝑢 = 5′-2″
2
= 13.433 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡/𝑓𝑡
qu = 6.19 ksf
OR
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟐 𝒊𝒏. 𝒌𝒊𝒑/𝒇𝒕

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 4: Applying shear check

• One-way shear capacity of concrete is given by

𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 2𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 2 0.75 3500 12 8.75
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 9.32 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Since 𝝓𝑽𝒄 > 𝑽𝒖 → depth of footing is sufficient

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DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution

➢ Step 5: Determination of flexural reinforcement

2.614 161.2
𝑎 = 8.75 − 8.752 − = 0.59“
3.5 12

161.2
𝐴𝑠 = = 0.35𝑖𝑛2
0.59
0.9 ∗ 60 8.75 −
2
➢ Step 6: Check for minimum flexural reinforcement
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 12 12 = 0.26𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑂𝐾!

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 48

DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Solution

➢ Step 7: Detailing of reinforcement

• Flexural bars

• Using #4 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.20𝑖𝑛2

12𝐴𝑏 12 0.20
𝑆= = = 6.86"
𝐴𝑠 0.35
• Check for maximum bar spacing
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 3ℎ = 3 ∗ 12 = 36" 𝑜𝑟 18"

Provided spacing is OK!. Finally, provide #4 @ 6.5″ c/c

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 49

DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
Solution

➢ Step 7: Detailing of reinforcement

• Shrinkage and Temperature bars

𝐴𝑠+𝑇 = 0.0018𝐵ℎ

Here, 𝐵 = 5′ − 2" = 62"

On putting values, we get,

𝐴𝑠+𝑇 = 0.0018 62 12 = 1.34𝑖𝑛2 h = 12

Using #4 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.20𝑖𝑛2 B = 5-2

𝐴𝑠+𝑇 1.34
No. of bars = = = 6.7 ≈ 7
𝐴𝑏 0.20

Dr. Akhtar Gul, PhD in Structural Engineering 50

DESIGN OF WALL FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 8: Drafting

FFL
12" thick RCWall

7-#4 bars #4 @6.5" c/c

5'-0"

@8"c/c
equally spaced
1'-0"

3" Clear cover

on all sides
PCC 1:3:6
3"

5'-2"
5'-8"
Wall footing details

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 Part II
Design of Isolated Square
Footing

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GENERAL
Behavior
➢ The isolated footing is a slab that directly supports a column.

➢ Isolated footings display essentially two-dimensional action, cantilevering out on both orthogonal
sides of the column.

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GENERAL
Behavior
➢ The footing is loaded in an upward direction by the soil pressure.

➢ Tensile stresses are induced in each direction in the bottom of the footing.

u
u

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GENERAL
Reinforcement
• A spread footing will typically have reinforcement in two orthogonal directions at the bottom of
the footing for flexure.
L

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
• Critical Location

• For an isolated footing, critical section is located at the face of the column.
𝑞𝑢 𝐵𝑘 2
𝑀𝑛 =
2 Critical section

k
Column

Critical section k
c

𝐵 𝐵

qu
qu

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Flexure
➢ Minimum reinforcement

• ACI Code minimum reinforcement requirement for isolated footing is same as for wall footing that
is 0.0018bh.

• However, many designers recommend to use beam minimum reinforcement for isolated column
footing.

➢ Maximum bar spacing

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 18"

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
➢ Provisions for Shear
• The footing thickness (depth) is generally established by the shear requirement.

• The isolated footing is generally subjected to two-way shear action termed as Punching shear,
since the column or pedestal tends to punch through the footing.

• Beam shear is not usually a problem in an isolated footing.

• The mechanism of punching shear is illustrated on the next slide

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Shear 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
➢ Punching shear in an interior square footing

➢ Punching shear demand

𝑪
• The critical section for this two-way shear is taken at d/2 + 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒆

from the face of the column.

𝑉𝑢𝑝 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑜

Where;
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝐵
2
𝐴𝑜 = 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
2
𝑉𝑢𝑝 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐵2 − 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑪 + 𝒅ave

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ACI 318 CODE PROVISIONS
Provisions for Shear
➢ Punching shear capacity (ACI Table 22.6.5.2)

• Punching shear for an interior square footing is given by

𝝓𝑽𝒄𝒑 = 𝟒𝝓𝝀𝒔 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒐 𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒈

dav + c
B
Where; davg / 2

g
𝜙 = 0.75 c
davg + c
𝜆𝑠 = size effect factor (1 for footings)
B
𝑏𝑜 = critical shear parameter that is equal to 4(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 )

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DESIGN PROCEDURE
➢ Step 1: Selection of sizes
• Thickness
• Bearing area
➢ Step 2: Calculation of loads (bearing pressure)
➢ Step 3: Analysis
• Shear force
• Bending moment
➢ Step 4: Applying shear check
➢ Step 5: Determination of reinforcement
➢ Step 6: Check for minimum reinforcement
➢ Step 7: Detailing and Drafting
➢ Step 8: Drafting

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
Example 9.3
• An 18″ square column with concrete of 𝑓𝑐′ = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, reinforced with 8,#8 bars of fy =
60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, supports a service load of 81.87 kips ( factored load = 103.17 kips). The load is acting at
the base of column. The same concrete and steel is also used in the footing. The allowable soil
pressure at the level of the base of the column footing is 2.204 ksf.

• Design a square footing with base 5′ below ground level. Take unit weight of backfill as 1000 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3.

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
Solution 𝑃s = 81.87𝑘
We have the following given data 𝑃u = 103.17𝑘

• Service load = 81.87 kips Column

18″ x 18″
• Factored load = 103.17 kips

• Size of column: 18″ x 18″ FFL

• Depth of base from FFL = 5ft

• Allowable bearing capacity = 2.204ksf

𝑍 = 5'

• Unit weight of concrete = 0.150kcf

• Unit weight of backfill = 0.100kcf

• 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
Solution
• Step 1: Selection of sizes

• Thickness

Assume thickness of footing “h” as 15 in.

Taking size of bar as #4; avg Rebar 2

𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ℎ − yത = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 + 𝑑𝑏

4 𝑦
¯
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 15 − 3 + = 11.5“
8 Rebar 1

𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓"

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 1: Selection of sizes `

• Required bearing area

𝐷+𝐿 fill fill
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍 = 5'
𝑞𝑒
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑍 − ℎ − 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 ℎ 15" ` conc.

Substituting the values, we get

𝑞𝑒 = 2.204 − 0.1 5 − 1.25 − 0.15 1.25
𝒒𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒔𝒇

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 1: Selection of sizes

• Required bearing area

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑞𝑒
81.87
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 49.92 𝑓𝑡 2
1.64
For square footing 𝐵 𝐵

𝐵 = 49.92 = 7.06𝑓𝑡

Take 𝑩 = 𝟕′

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 2: Calculation of loads (bearing pressure)

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑝𝑣𝑑

By substituting values;
103.17
𝑞𝑢 =
7∗7
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒔𝒇

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 3: Analysis

• Two-way shear (punching shear) 𝑑avg

= 5.8"

𝑐 + 𝑑avg = 29.5"
2 2 2
𝑉𝑢𝑝 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐵 − 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝐵 = 7'
5.8" 18" 5.8"
On putting values
2
2
11.5
𝑉𝑢𝑝 = 2.11 7 − 1.5 + 𝑐 + 𝑑avg = 29.5"
12
𝐵 = 7'
𝑽𝒖𝒑 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 3: Analysis

• Bending moment
𝑞𝑢 𝐵𝑘 2 c
𝑘
𝑀𝑢 =
2
Here; 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵 − 𝑐 7 − 1.5
𝑘= = = 2.75′
2 2
c =18″
𝐵 −𝑐
2.11 7 2.75 2 Critical section 𝑘= 2
𝑀𝑢 =
2
h =15″
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑. 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏. 𝒌𝒊𝒑
B = 7′

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 4: Applying shear check

𝜙𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 4𝜙 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝑑avg
= 5.8"

𝑐 + 𝑑avg = 29.5"
𝑏𝑜 = 4 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 2

𝐵 = 7'
𝑏𝑜 = 4 18 + 11.5 = 118" 5.8" 18" 5.8"

Now,

4 0.75 3000 118 11.5 𝑐 + 𝑑avg = 29.5"

𝜙𝑉𝑐𝑝 =
1000 𝐵 = 7'
𝜙𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 222.98 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝝓𝑽𝒄𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 > 𝑽𝒖,𝒑 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 → 𝑶𝑲!

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 5: Determination of flexural reinforcement

2.614 670.19
𝑎 = 11.5 − 11.52 − = 0.31“
3 7 ∗ 12

Now,

670.19
𝐴𝑠 = = 1.09𝑖𝑛2
0.31
0.9 ∗ 60 11.5 −
2

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 6: Check for minimum flexural reinforcement

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝐵ℎ = 0.0018 ∗ 7 ∗ 12 ∗ 15 = 2.27𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡

Since
𝐴𝑠 = 1.09 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.27 → 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step 7: Detailing of reinforcement Main Reinforcement

Using #4 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.20𝑖𝑛2

2.27
𝑛= = 11.4 ≈ 12
0.20
6.5 ∗ 12
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 7"𝑐/𝑐
11
Check for maximum bar spacing
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 3ℎ = 3 ∗ 15 = 45" 𝑜𝑟 18"

Provided spacing is OK!

7 - clear cover(3+3) = 6.5

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Solution

• Step8:Drafting

FFL Column 18"x18"

3'-9" 3" clear cover

(each side)
6'-6"
7'-0"

12- #4 bars
A A (equally spaced)

1'-3"

P.C.C 1:4:8
6'-6" 6'-6"
7'-0" 7'-0"

FOOTING PLAN FOOTINGDETAILS (A-A)

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
➢ Example 9.4 (Class Activity)

• An 18″ square column with concrete of 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖, reinforced with 8,#8 bars of 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖,
supports a service dead load of 220 kips and service live load of 175kips. The allowable soil
pressure at the level of the base of the column footing is 5 ksf.

Design a square footing with base 5′ below ground level. Take unit weight of soil as 100𝑙𝑏./𝑓𝑡 3 .

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REFERENCES
➢ Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

➢ Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

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 End of Lecture

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