Dela Salle University

Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 9
Structural Design
Shallow Foundations
Foundation Engineering

Jonathan Rivera Dungca, D.Eng.

Associate Professor
 Structural Design of Footings
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely. The design
procedure must take the following strength
requirements into consideration:

1. The area of the footing based on the allowable

bearing soil capacity
2. One-way shear
3. Two-way-shear or punching shear
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
5. Bearing capacity of columns at their base and
dowel requirements
6. Development length of bars
7. Differential settlement
 Structural Design of Footings
Size of Footings
total service load (including selfweight)
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure , qa

P (total ) Factored soil pressure

Area 
qa Pu
qu 
area of footing
Pu  1.4 D  1.7 L
 Structural Design of Footings
One-Way Shear
-the critical section is
located at a distance d
from the face of column
allowable shear
 f c' bd
Vc  (  0.85)
6
factored shearing force at critical sec tion
L c 
Vu  qu b   d 
2 2 
 Structural Design of Footings
One-Way Shear
-if no shear
reinforcement is used,
then d can be
determined, assuming
Vu=Vc

6Vu
d
'
 f b c
 Structural Design of Footings
Two-Way Shear
-is a measure of the
diagonal tension caused
by the effect of the
column load on the
footing.

Incline cracks may occur

at a distance d/2 from
the face of the column
on all sides.
 Structural Design of Footings
Two-Way Shear
Sec 411.13.2 (page 4 - 51)
1 2  ,
Vc  1   f c bo d

6  c 
1  sd  ,
Vc2    2  f c bo d
12  bo 
1
Vc  f c, b0 d
3
where;
 = ratio of the long side to short side of the
column
b0= perimeter of the critical section
s = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
columns and 20 for corner columns
 Structural Design of Footings
Flexural Strength of
Footing
Reinforcement

Mu
Ku  2
bd
 f y 
K u  f y 1  
' 
 1.7 f c 
Design of Square Isolated Footing
Design a square single footing to
support a 450mm square tied interior
column. The column carries an
unfactored axial dead load of 1090kN
and an axial live load of 890kN. The
base of the footing is 1.20m below the
final grade and the allowable soil
pressure is 240 kPa. Use f’c=30MPa ,
fy=400MPa, conc=23.5kN/m3 and
soil=15.735kN/m3
Design of Wall Footing

Design a reinforced concrete footing to

support a 500mm-wide concrete wall
carrying a dead load of 380kN/m and
live load of 292.5kN/m. The bottom of
the footing is 1.80m below the final
grade and the allowable soil pressure
is 240 kPa. Use f’c=30MPa ,
fy=400MPa, conc=23.5kN/m3 and
soil=15.735kN/m3
 Structural Design of Footings
Bearing Capacity of
Column at Base
-the loads from the column
act on the footing at the
base of the column, on an
area equal the area of the
column cross-section.
Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing
directly by bearing on the
concrete.
 Structural Design of Footings
Bearing Capacity of
Column at Base
-Forces acting on the
concrete at the base of
the column must not
exceed the bearing
strength of concrete as
specified by the ACI code


Bearing strength N1   0.85 f A1
c
'

where =0.65 and A1=the bearing area of the column
 Structural Design of Footings
Bearing Capacity of
Column at Base

A2
if  2 .0
A1
where A2=area of the part of the
supporting footing that is
geometrically similar to and
concentric with the loaded area

Modified Bearing Strength

A2
 '
N 2   0.85 f A1
c  A1

 2 0.85 f c' A1 
 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
The joint behavior of steel and concrete in a
reinforced concrete member is based on the
fact that a bond is maintained between the
two materials after the concrete hardens.

If a straight bar of round section is

embedded in concrete, a considerable force
is required to pull the bar out of the
concrete.

If the imbedded length of the bar is long

enough, the steel bar may yield, leaving
some length of the bar in concrete.
 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
The bonding force depends on the friction between
steel and concrete.

It is influenced mainly by the roughness of the steel

surface area, the concrete mix, shrinkage and cover
of concrete.

Deformed bars give a better bond than plain bars

Rich mixes have greater adhesion than weak mixes

An increase in the concrete cover will improve the

ultimate bond stress of a steel bar
 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
Development Length in Tension

ld fy ld fy
  for bars  No.7   for bars  No.6
d b 20 f c' d b 25 f c'
( f y and f c'in psi) ( f y and f c'in psi)

if f c'  4000 psi and f y  60000 psi if f c'  4000 psi and f y  60000 psi
ld  48d b ld  38d b
 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
Development Length in Compression

ld c 0.02 f y min ld c

db f c' l 
d c min  0.0003 f y d b
( f y and f c'in psi) ( f y and f c'in psi)

if f c'  4000 psi and f y  60000 psi if f c'  4000 psi and f y  60000 psi
ld c  19d b ld  18d b
 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
Standard Hooks
A hook is used at the end of a bar when its
straight embedment length is less than the
necessary development length, ld

Minimum diameter of bend, measured on the

inside of the main bar of a standard hook, D
For No. 3 to No. 8 (10-25mm) D=6db
For No. 9 to No. 11(28,32,36mm) D=8db
For No. 14 to No. 18 (43, 58mm) D=10db
Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
 Structural Design of Footings
Differential Settlement
(Balanced Footing Design)
Footing usually support the following loads:

•Dead loads from the substructure and

superstructure
•Live load resulting from occupancy
•Weight of materials used in backfilling
•Wind loads
 Structural Design of Footings
Differential Settlement
(Balanced Footing Design)
The amount of differential settlement depends on
the variation in the
•Compressibility of the soils
•The thickness of the compressible material below
foundation level, and
•The stiffness of the combined footing and
superstructure
 Structural Design of Footings
Differential Settlement
(Balanced Footing Design)
Differential settlement may be expressed in terms
of angular distortion of the structure. Bjerrum
indicated that the danger limits for some
conditions vary between 1/600 to 1/150
depending on the damage that will develop in the
building.

For practical purposes it can be assumed that the soil

pressure under the effect of sustained loadings is the same
for all footings, thus causing equal settlements.