Footing Design Guide

Footings
Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement, or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
1
Types of Footings
Wall
Property line
Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
2
Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
3
Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
4
Types of Footings
Raft or mat foundation consists
of one footing usually placed
under the entire building area.
They are used, when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads are
heavy single footings cannot be
used, piles are not used and
differential settlement must be
reduced.
Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
5
Distribution of Soil Pressure
When the column load P is

applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.
Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil. cohesive soil.
6
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
7
Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight 
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements

Pu
qu 
area of footing
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
 4 

Vc  2  f bd
  c 0 ACI 11-35
 bc 
where, bc = long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
b0 = length of critical perimeter around the
column
When b > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.
8
Design of two-way shear
1. Assume d.
2. Determine b0.
b0 = 4(c+d) for square columns
where one side = c
b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.

3. The shear force Vu acts at a
section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu  Pu  qu  c  d  for square columns
2
Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular columns
9
4. Allowable fVc  4f f c b0 d
Let Vu=fVc
Vu
d
4f f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
Design of one-way shear

For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column
fVc  2f f c bd
10
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
L c 
Vu  qu b   d 

 
2 2 
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked

If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = fVc
Vu
d
2f f c b
11
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
Mu
As 
 a 

ff y d 
 
 2

reinforcement
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required r . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
f y As
a
0.85 f c b
12
reinforcement
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.

reinforcement
The reinforcement in one-way
footings and two-way footings must
be distributed across the entire
width of the footing.
Reinforcement in band width 2

Total reinforcement in short direction b 1
long side of footing

where b
short side of footing
13
Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the
base of the column, on an area equal to area of the
column cross-section. Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the
concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by
reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.

Base
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column
must not exceed the bearing strength of the concrete
N1  f 0.85 f c A1 
where f = 0.65 and

A1 =bearing area of column
14
Base
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor A2 / A1  2.0 for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area.
The modified bearing
strength
N 2  f 0.85 f c A1  A2 / A1
N 2  2f 0.85 f c A1 
Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio r = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to r = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
15
Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given
ld  0.02 f y d b / fc
but not less than

0.003 f y d b  8 in.
Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

length.
Example – Square Footing

Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi
16
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft3 × 24 in. ×  300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft 3 ×  4 ft  24 in. ×   200 lb/ft
2
 12 in. 

The effective soil pressure is given as:
qeff  qs  Wc  Ws
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2
17
Calculate the size of the footing:
Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

445 k
Area of footing   98.9 ft 2
4.5 k/ft 2
Side of footing  9.94 ft  Use 10 ft

Calculate net upward pressure:
Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

 1.2245 k   1.6200 k   614 k
614 k
Net upward pressure qn  2
 6.14 k / ft 2
100 ft
18
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
d  h  cover  1.5d b
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.

Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
bo  4c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.   3.125 ft
 
 12 in 
19
Example –Square Footing
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 614 k  6.14 k/ft 2 3.125 ft 

2
 554 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
b 1
10 ft

Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
 4 

Vc  2  f bd
  c 0
 bc 
 d  s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
Vc   s
 2  f c b0 d
  and 20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
20
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear
 1000 lb 
554 k  
d
Vu
  1k 

f 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000150 in  
 19.47 in.

The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
 = 40
Vu
d
 40d 
f   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
554 k 
  1k 
 10.81 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.75 
 2  4000150 in 
 150 in 
21
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
  1 ft  
 18 in  
L c   10 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in 
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 2.625 ft
L c 
Vu  qn l2    d 
2 2 
 6.14 k/ft 10 ft 2.625 ft   161.2 k
2

one-way shear
 1000 lb 
161.2 k  
d
Vu
  1k 
f 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 400010 ft  
   1 ft 
 14.2 in.
The footing is 19.5 in. > 14.2 in. so it will work.
22
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column
  1 ft  
 18 in 
 L c   10 ft  
     12 in    4.25 ft
 
 2 2  2 2 
 
 
L c
  
 L c  2 2
M u  qn    b  6.14 k/ft4.25 ft 
4.25 ft  10 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 554.5 k - ft

Calculate Ru for the footing to find r of the footing.
 12 in. 
554.5 k - ft ×  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
bd 120 in × 19.5 in 2
 0.1458 ksi
23
From Ru for the footing the r value can be found.
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
 
1.7  1.7 2  41.7 0.1458 ksi  
  0.94 ksi   
  0.04152
2
r fy 0.041524 ksi 
 0.04152  r   0.00277
fc 60 ksi

Compute the area of steel needed
  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.0027710 ft  19.5 in.  6.48 in
2
  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018bh  0.0018120 in.24 in.  5.18 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
 200 
As 
200
bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.8 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000
24
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As 7.8 in 2
n   13  Use 13 bars
2
Ab 0.60 in
Determine the spacing between bars
L  2 × cover 120 in - 23 in 

s   9.5 in
n  1 12

Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in., f  0.65
 
N1  f 0.85 f c A1   0.65 0.854 ksi 18 in   716 k
2
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
25
A2  10 ft   100 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  
A1  18 in    2.25 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
100 ft 2
 6.67  2  N 2  2 N1  2716 k   1432 k
A2

A1 2.25 ft 2

Pu =614 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005A1  0.005× 18 in   1.62 in 2

2
Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.
26
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.97 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi
The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is
ld  0.0003db f y  0.00031 in 60000psi   18 in  8 in
Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
27
The development length, ld for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 0.875 in   41.5 in
d b 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi
There is adequate development length provided.
L c 120 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   48 in
2 2 2 2

Final Design
28
Eccentrically Loaded Footings
e
P
y
x x b
load
P Mc
pmin   P Mc
y A I pmax  
A I
h
Tensile stress cannot be transmitted between soil and concrete.
For full compression, setting pmin = 0,

P
P Mc Pec I emax = h/6
  e
A I I Ac
For rectangular footing of length h and width b,
I bh3 /12 h h/3 h/3 h/3

e  
Ac bh(h / 2) 6 Middle Third
Example – Eccentrically Loaded

Footing
A 12-in. x 24 in. column of an unsymmetrical shed is
subjected to an axial load PD of 220 k and MD = 180 k-ft
due to dead load and an an axial load PL = 165 k and a
moment ML= 140 k-ft due to
live load. The base of the
footing is 5 ft below final
grade, and the allowable soil
bearing pressure is 5 k/ft2.
Design the footing using
fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
29
Example – Combined Loading
Find the combined actual loads, P0 and M0
P0  PDL  PLL  220 k  165 k  385 k
M 0  M DL  M LL  180 k - ft  140 k - ft  320 k - ft
Determine the eccentricity of the footing
 12 in 
320 k - ft 
 
e
M0
  1 ft   9.97 in  Use 10 in.
P0 385 k
Assume a depth of footing, 24 in. The weight of

concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft3 × 24 in. ×  300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft3 ×  5 ft  24 in. ×   300 lb/ft
2
 12 in. 
30
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2
 4400 lb/ft 2  4.4 k/ft 2

Actual Loads  DL  LL  385 k
385 k
4.4 k/ft 2
Compute the sizes of the footing if width is 9 ft.
87.5 ft 2
Side of footing   9.72 ft  Use 10 ft
9 ft
31
Use the long section and place the column 10 in.
off-center for the 10 ft segment


 1.2220 k   1.6165 k 
 528.0 k
528.0 k
Net upward pressure qn 
9 ft 10 ft 
 5.87 k / ft 2
32
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.

The depth of the footing can be calculated by using the
one-way shear (long direction)
  1 ft  
 24 in  
L c   10 ft       
  de    12 in   19.5 in 1 ft   10 in 1 ft 
   2    
2 2  2  12 in   12 in  
 
 
 3.208 ft
Vu =139.4 k in
L c 
Vu  qn l2    d  e  short direction
2 2 
 5.87 k/ft 2 9 ft 3.208 ft   169.4 k
33
one-way shear design
 1000 lb 
169.4 k  
d
Vu
  1k 
 16.53 in.
f 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 4000 9 ft    
   1 ft 

Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or punch out
shear. The column is 12 in. x 24 in.
bo  2c1  d   2c2  d 
 212 in.  19.5 in.  224 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c1  d  12 in.  19.5 in.   2.625 ft
 
 12 in 
 1 ft 
c2  d  24 in.  19.5 in.   3.625 ft
 
 12 in 
34
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 528.0 k  5.87 k/ft 2 2.625 ft 3.625 ft 

 472.2 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
b  1.11
9 ft

Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
 4 

Vc  2  f bd
  c 0
 bc 
 d  s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
Vc   s
 2  f c b0 d and
  20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d
35
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
 1000 lb 
472.2 k  
d
Vu
  1k 
 4  4  
f  2   f c b0 0.75  2   4000150 in 
 b   1.11  
 11.84 in.

The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
 = 40
Vu
d
 40d 
f   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
472.2 k 
  1k 
 9.22 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.75  
 2  4000150 in 
 150 in 
36
the two way shear
 1000 lb 
472.2 k  
d
Vu
  1k 

f 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000150 in  
 16.59 in.

Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)
  1 ft  
 24 in 
 10 ft  
L c
  e    12 in    10 in 1 ft   4.83 ft
   2   
 2 2 2  12 in 
 
 
L c 
   e
L c  2 2
M u  qn    e   b
2 2  2
 5.87 k/ft 4.83 ft 

4.83 ft  9 ft   616.2 k - ft
2
37
 12 in. 
616.2 k - ft ×  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
 0.1801ksi
  12 in  
  × 19.5 in 
bd
 9 ft
2
  1 ft  

Use the Ru for the footing to find r.
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
 
1.7  1.7 2  41.7 0.1801ksi  
  0.94 ksi   
  0.05158
2
r fy 0.051584 ksi 
 0.05158  r   0.00344
fc 60 ksi
38
Compute the amount of steel needed
  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.00344 9 ft  19.5 in.  7.24 in
2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018bh  0.0018108 in.24 in.  4.67 in 2
 200 
As 
200
bd   108 in.19.5 in.  7.02 in 2
 
fy  60000

Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars needed
As 8.1 in 2
n   10.25  Use 11 bars
2
Ab 0.79 in
L  2 × cover 108 in - 23 in 

s   10.2 in
n  1 10
39
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column for short length
  1 ft  
 12 in 
 L c   9 ft  
     12 in    4 ft
 
 2 2  2 2 
 
 
L c
  
 L c  2 2
M u  qn    b  5.87 k/ft4 ft 
4 ft  10 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 469.6 k - ft

 12 in. 
469.6 k - ft ×  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
  12 in  
  × 19.5 in 
bd
10 ft
2
  1 ft  
 0.1235 ksi
40
Use Ru for the footing to find r.
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
1.7  1.7 2  41.7 0.1235 ksi  

  4 ksi  
  0.03503
2
r fy 0.035034 ksi 
 0.03503 r   0.00234
fc 60 ksi

Compute the amount of steel needed
  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.0023410 ft  19.5 in.  5.46 in
2
  1 ft  
As  0.0018bh  0.0018120 in.24 in.  5.18 in 2
 200 
As 
200
bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.80 in 2
 
fy  60000
41
Use As = 7.80 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
As 7.80 in 2
n   17.7  Use 18 bars
2
Ab 0.44 in
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
 Reinforcement in bandwidth 
   2  2  0.947
 
 Total reinforcement  b  1 1.11  1

The number of bars in the 9 ft band is 0.947(18)=17 bars .
Total # bars - band bars

outside # bar 
2
18  17
  0.5  Use 1 bars
2
So place 17 bars in 9 ft section and 1 bars in each in

(10ft - 9ft)/2 =0.5 ft of the band.
42
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 9 ft
L 108 in
s   6.75 in
n  1 16
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band

L  cover 6 in - 3in
s   3 in
n 1

the base of the column, 12 in x 24 in., f  0.65
N1  f 0.85 f c A1   0.650.854 ksi 12 in 24 in   636.5 k
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1
43
A2  9 ft10 ft   90 ft 2
  1 ft    1 ft  

A1  12 in    24 in    2 ft 2
     
  12 in.    12 in.  
90 ft 2
 6.71  2  N 2  2 N1  2636.5 k   1273 k
A2

A1 2 ft 2

0.005A1  0.005× 12 in 24 in   1.44 in 2

44
0.02d b f y 0.020.75 in 60000 psi 

ld    14.23 in  Use 15 in
fc 4000 psi
ld  0.0003db f y  0.00030.75 in 60000psi   13.5 in  8 in
Therefore, use 4#6 dowels in the corners of the

column extending 15 in. into the column and the
footing. Note that ld is less than the given d =
19.5 in., which is sufficient development length.
45
The development length, ld for the #8 bars
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000 psi 1.0 in   47.4 in
db 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi

L c 144 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   60 in
2 2 2 2

The development length, ld for the #6 bars
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000psi 0.75 in   28.5 in
db 25 f c 25 f c 25 4000 psi
L c 102 in 18 in
ld   cover    3 in   39 in
2 2 2 2
46
Example – Multi-Column Footing
Design a rectangular footing to support two square
columns. The exterior column (I) has a section 16 x
16 in., which carries DL of 180 k and a LL of 120 k.
The interior column (II) has a section of 20 x 20 in.,
which carries a DL of 250 k
and a LL of 140 k. The base of
the footing is 5 ft. below final
grade and allowable soil
pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi The external
column is located 2 ft from the
property line.

Determine the location of an equivalent point and
its location select the datum at column I
x
x Fi i

16 ft250 k  140 k   0 ft180 k  120 k 
F i 250 k  140 k   180 k  120 k 

 9.04 ft.  Use 9 ft.
Extend the footing up to the property line, so the length

is l = 9 ft + 2 ft. = 11 ft. So the length of the footing is
2(11 ft.) = 22 ft.
47
Assume a depth of footing. (36 in.) The weight

of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft3 * 36 in. *  450 lb/ft 2
12 in.
 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft3 *  5 ft  36 in. *  200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 
 5000 lb/ft 2  450 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4350 lb/ft 2  4.35 k/ft 2
48
Total Loads  AL1  AL2  390 k  300 k  690 k
690 k
4.35 k/ft 2
158.6 ft 2
Side of footing   7.21 ft  Use 7.5 ft
22 ft

 1.4180 k   1.7120 k 
 1.4250 k   1.7140 k 
 456 k  588 k
 1044 k
1044 k
Net upward pressure qn   6.33 k / ft 2
22 ft 7.5 ft 
49

d  36 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 31.5 in.

Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
Shear Forces
V  x   qb  x   w
 6.32 k/ft 2  7.5 ft  x  w
400
358.7 k
300
 47.454 k/ft  x   w
200
Force (kips)
100 63.3 k
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
The columns are
-100
-200 -150.3 k
considered point loads
-300
but shear values are
-329.5 k
-400 taken at each side of the
location (ft) column.
50
The location of the maximum moment is
 1 ft   
16 ft  8 in   10 in 1 ft   14.5 ft
   
 12 in   12 in 
x
329.5 k
14.5 ft   6.9 ft
329.5 k  358.7 k

Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
x2
Bending Moment M  x   qb  wi  x  xi 
2
x2
 6.32 k/ft 2  7.5 ft   wi  x  xi 
400
249.9 k-ft
200 42.2 k-ft 2
x2
 wi  x  xi 
Bending Moment (k-ft)
0  47.454 k/ft
-200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2
-400
The columns are
-600
-800 considered point loads
-1000 but moments are taken
-1200 -1278.9 k-ft @ 9.61 ft at each side of the
-1400
Location (ft) column. It will not
balance because center
is at 9.04 ft
51
The maximum shear force occurs at the edge of
the 20 in. column. So maximum shear is
measured at distance d from the column.
  1 ft  
Vmax  qd   358.7 k  47.454 k/ft 31.5 in 
  
  12 in  
 234.1 k

one-way shear
 1000 lb 
234.1 k  
 
d
Vu
  1 k   24.2 in.
f 2 fc b      
0.85 2 4000 7.5 ft 
12 in   
   
   1 ft   
52
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 20 in.
square.
bo  4c  d 
 420 in.  31.5 in.  206 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  20 in.  31.5 in.   4.292 ft
 
 12 in 

Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2
 588 k  6.70 k/ft 2 4.292 ft 

2
 464.6 k
The other column will not be critical,

Pu = 456 k for the 16 in. column
53
two way shear
 1000 lb 
464.6 k  
 
d
Vu
  1k   10.5 in.
f 4 f c b0 
0.85 4 4000206 in  

 12 in. 
1278.9 k - ft *  
 
Ru 
Mu
  1 ft   0.1719 ksi
bd 2 90 in * 31.5 in 2
54
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
  
1. 7  1.7 2  41.7 0.1719 ksi  
 
  0.94 ksi   
  0.04917
2
r fy 0.049174 ksi 
 0.04917  r   0.00328
fc 60 ksi

  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.00277 7.5 ft  31.5 in.  9.29 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018bh  0.001890 in.36 in.  5.8 3 in 2
 200 
As 
200
bd   90 in.31.5 in.  9.45 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000
55
needed
As 9.45 in 2
n   9.45  Use 10 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
L  2 * cover 90 in - 23 in 
s   9.33 in
n  1 9

The minimum amount is steel is going to be due to the
flexural restrictions. So below the columns with
positive moment, the reinforcement will be 10 # 9 bars
running longitudinally. The development length will
have to be calculated.
56
The development length, ld for the #9 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
ld

fy
 ld 
f ydb

60000psi 1.128 in   53.5 in
d b 20 f c 20 f c 20 4000 psi
The bars have more than 12-in. of concrete below
them, therefore ld = 1.3 ld.
ld  1.353.5 in   69.6 in  Use 70 in.

To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The bandwidth of the two columns must be determined
for the 16 in. column.
 16 in  1 ft    1 ft 
Band  16 in   2 ft   31.5 in   5.3 ft  Use 5.5 ft
    
 2  12 in.    12 in. 
Compute the moment at the edge

456 k 7.5 ft  1 ft 
qnet   60.8 k/ft L  8 in   3.08 ft
 
7.5 ft 2  12 in 
57
The bending moment will be
M u  qnet
l2
 60.8 k/ft 
3.08 ft 
2
 289.0 k - ft
2 2
Compute the Ru
 12 in. 
289 k - ft *  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
 0.053 ksi
  12 in  
  * 31.5 in 
bd
 5.5 ft 
2
  1 ft  

Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
  
1.7  1.7 2  41.7 0.053 ksi  
 
  0.94 ksi   
  0.01484
2
r fy 0.049174 ksi 
 0.01484  r   0.001
fc 60 ksi
58
  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.001 5.5 ft  31.5 in.  2.08 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018bh  0.001866 in.36 in.  4.28 in 2
 200 
As 
200
bd   66 in.31.5 in.  6.93 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000

needed A 6.93 in 2
n s   6.93  Use 7 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
L  cover 66 in - 3 in 
s   10.5 in
n  1 6
59
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The 20-in. interior column extends beyond 4 ft from the
center therefore the band is 7.5 ft × 7.5 ft. Compute the
moment at the edge
588 k 7.5 ft  1 ft 
qnet   78.4 k/ft L  10 in   2.92 ft
 
7.5 ft 2  12 in 

The bending moment will be
M u  qnet
l2
 78.4 k/ft 
2.92 ft 2  334.3 k - ft
2 2
Compute the Ru
 12 in. 
334.3 k - ft   
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
 0.045 ksi
  12 in  
   31.5 in 
bd
 7.5 ft 
2
  1 ft 
60
Ru  f c 1  0.59    2  1.7 
1.7 Ru
0
ff c
  
1 .7  1.7 2  41.7 0.045 ksi  
 
  0.94 ksi   
  0.01257
2
r fy 0.012574 ksi 
 0.01257  r   0.00084
fc 60 ksi

  12 in.  

As  r bd  0.00084 7.5 ft  31.5 in.  2.38 in 2
  
  1 ft  
As  0.0018bh  0.001890 in.36 in.  5.83 in 2
 200 
As 
200
bd   90 in.31.5 in.  9.45 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000
61
the base of the column, 16 in × 16 in., f  0.7
 
N1  f 0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.854 ksi 16 in   609 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1

A2  5.5 ft   30.25 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  

A1  16 in    1.78 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
30.25 ft 2
 4.125  2  N 2  2 N1  2609 k   1218 k
A2

2
A1 1.78 ft
62
0.005A1  0.005* 16 in   1.28 in 2

2

Note if the Pu > N1 the area of steel will be
As 
Pu  N1  As long as the area of
steel is greater than the
fy minimum amount.

0.02d b f y 0.020.875 in 60000 psi 

ld    16.6 in  Use 17 in
fc 4000 psi
ld  0.0003db f y  0.00030.875 in 60000psi   15.75 in  8 in
63

development length.

need
As 9.45 in 2
n   9.45  Use 10 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
L  cover 90 in - 3 in 
s   9.67 in
n  1 9
64
the base of the column, 20 in × 20 in., f  0.7
 
N1  f 0.85 f c A1   0.7 0.854 ksi 20 in   952 k
2
A2
N 2  N1  2 N1
A1

A2  7.5 ft   56.25 ft 2
2
2
  1 ft  

A1  20 in    2.78 ft 2
  
  12 in.  
56.25 ft 2
 4.5  2  N 2  2 N1  2952 k   1904 k
A2

2
A1 2.78 ft
65
0.005A1  0.005* 20 in   2.0 in 2

2


0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

ld    18.7 in  Use 19 in
fc 4000 psi
ld  0.0003db f y  0.00031 in 60000psi   18 in  8 in
66

development length.
Example – Strap Footing

Wang (EXAMPLE 20.13.2)
Design a cantilever or strap footing for the situation

shown in Figure, where the property line is at the
exterior edge of the exterior column. Column data
are given in Table. The distance between column
centres is 18 ft. Equal settlement is assumed for D L
1
plus LL condition at a uniform pressure of 3.34
2
ksf. Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 3000 psi for footing, 𝑓𝑐′ = 3750 psi for
columns, 𝑓𝑦 = 40,000 psi, and the strength method
of the ACI Code
67

Assume that the total thickness of the entire footing is
24 in. The net uniform soil pressure for both exterior
and interior footings is 3.34 − 2 × 0.150 = 3.04 ksf.
68
For the dimensioning of footings, taking moments
about the interior column using the service loads in
the equal settlement condition, gives
55 + 35 18
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 99.7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
16.25
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 55 + 35 + 80 + 65 − 99.7 = 135.3 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
69
Factored shear and factored moment diagram for strap.

Referring to Figure and applying overload factors U to
the maximum load condition gives
70
Design of strap.
For the shear requirement, assuming no shear

reinforcement to be used and the simplified expression
for strength is used,
Design of strap.
Assume desirable reinforcement,

𝜌 ≈ 0.5𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.012
For which 𝑅𝑛 = 435 𝑝𝑠𝑖
71
Design of strap.
Design of strap.
72
Due to limitations of the development lengths,

provided width of the strap will not be enough.
Increase the strap width from 20 to 27 in.
𝑀
Required 𝑅𝑛 at wide end = 𝑢2
∅𝑏𝑑
266 × 12000
= = 284 𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.9 × 27 × 21.52
Required 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.008 × 27 × 21.5 = 4.64 𝑖𝑛2
The 7-#8 will be retained.
73
Investigate one-way shear at the distance d (i.e., 21.5

in.) from the face of the exterior column
𝑉𝑢 = 134 − 21.5/12 × 43.7 = 56 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
For no shear reinforcement and the simplified

expression for strength,
21.5
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 3000 × 7.33 × 12 ×
1000
= 155 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 > 56 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (OK)
Investigate two-way shear action at the critical section

d/2 from the face of the exterior column.
𝑏𝑜 = 12 + 21.5 + 2 × 12 + 10.75 = 79′′
197 22.75×33.5
𝑉𝑢 = 4.5 × 7.33 − = 165 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
4.5×7.33 144
For no shear reinforcement and the simplified

expression for strength,
21.5
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 4 3000 × 79 ×
1000
= 279.1 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 > 165 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (OK)
74
75
Pile Caps
A pile cap is defined as a concrete block cast on

the head of a group of piles, to transmit the load
from the structure to the group of piles. Generally,
pile cap transfers the load form the structures to a
pile group, then the load further transfers to the
surrounding firm soil.
76
Pile Caps
Functions of a pile cap are:
• To distribute a single load equally over the

pile group and thus over a greater area of
bearing potential,
• To laterally stabilize individual piles thus
increasing overall stability of the group, and
• To provide the necessary combined resistance
to stresses set up by the superstructure
and/or ground movement.
Pile Cap Arrangement
Piles should be placed in a suitable

arrangement so that the spacing
between piles ranges from (2-3) Ǿ in
case of isolated pile caps and (2-6) Ǿ in
case of rafts supported on piles, where Ǿ
is the pile diameter.
The C.G. of piles should be placed as far
as possible in the C.G. of loads.
77
Pile Cap Arrangement
In the case of presence of neighbors, piles

should be away from the property line by a
distance not less than Ǿ or, as the pile
installation method requires.
The projection of the pile cap should be 10-15
cm.
Pile Caps
Effective pile reaction( Re ):
R e = R a - Wf
Ra = allowable bearing of piles

Wf = total weight of footing
15 cm
Number of piles( n ):
1.5D DL  LL
n
3D Re
Factored pile reaction:

3D
D
1.5D
3D 3D
1.5D 1.5D
78
Typical Arrangement of Piles
1.5D
1.5D
1.5D 1.5D
3D 3D
3D 3D
3 2D
1.5D 1.5D 1.5D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 1.5D 3 2D 1.5D
2 PILES 3 PILES 4 PILES 5 PILES
1.5D
1.5D
1.5D
3D
3D
3D
3D
1.5D
1.5D 3D
1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D
6 PILES 3 2D 1.5D
3 2D
7 PILES
1.5D
1.5D 3 2D 3 2D 1.5D
8 PILES
1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D
1.5D
3D
3 3D
3D
1.5D 1.5D
1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D
9 PILES 10 PILES
1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D
1.5D
3D
3 3D
3D
1.5D 1.5D
3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
11 PILES 12 PILES
79
Design of Pile Caps
Required Data:
Pile Data:
1- Pile Diameter and length
2- Allowable Pile Capacity
Column Data:
1- Column Load (N+M)
2- Column Dimensions
Design of Pile Caps

Design Steps:
1- Required number of piles
2- Pile Cap Arrangement
3- Check for forces in piles
4- Check for punching shear
Punching of column into pile cap
Punching of piles into pile cap
5- Check for one way shear
6- Design for moment
7- Check for Bearing Stress
80

Footing Design Guide

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Footing Design Guide

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Footings

When the column load P is

Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

Strength design requirements

Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

When b > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.

Design of two-way shear

Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular columns

Design of one-way shear

Design of one-way shear

Flexural Strength and Footing

Flexural Strength and Footing

long side of footing

Bearing Capacity of Column at

where f = 0.65 and

but not less than

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

Example – Square Footing

Example – Square Footing

Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

Example – Square Footing

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

Example – Square Footing

 614 k  6.14 k/ft 2 3.125 ft 

Example – Square Footing

Example – Square Footing

Example – Square Footing

The footing is 19.5 in. > 14.2 in. so it will work.

Example –Square Footing

Example – Square Footing

L  2 × cover 120 in - 23 in 

Example – Square Footing

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

Example – Square Footing

0.005A1  0.005× 18 in   1.62 in 2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

0.02d b f y 0.021 in 60000 psi 

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld  0.0003db f y  0.00031 in 60000psi   18 in  8 in

Example – Square Footing

Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of

Example – Square Footing

For full compression, setting pmin = 0,

I bh3 /12 h h/3 h/3 h/3

Example – Eccentrically Loaded

Example – Combined Loading

Assume a depth of footing, 24 in. The weight of

The effective soil pressure is given as:

Example – Combined Loading

Example – Combined Loading

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

Example – Combined Loading

The footing is 19.5 in. > 16.53 in. so it will work.

Example – Combined Loading

 528.0 k  5.87 k/ft 2 2.625 ft 3.625 ft 

Example – Combined Loading

Example – Combined Loading

Example – Combined Loading

 5.87 k/ft 4.83 ft 

Example – Combined Loading

Example – Combined Loading

L  2 × cover 108 in - 23 in 