Lecture#5

CE-317
Design of Concrete Structures-II
Footings
Course Teacher:

Md. Mahfujur Rahman

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

Dhaka International University (DIU)

Lecture Goals
Footing Classification
Footing Design
Footing Examples

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Goal: 01
Footing Classification

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Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls
To transmit and distribute their loads to the soil
In such a way that
the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded
Excessive settlement, differential settlement, or
rotation are prevented
Adequate safety against overturning or sliding is
maintained

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Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.

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Example of Footings

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Example of Footings

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Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

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Example of Footings

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Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or
three columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so
close that single footings
cannot be used or when one
column is located at or near
a property line.

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Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single
footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support
two single columns. This
type replaces a combined
footing and is more
economical.

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Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.

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Example of Footings

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Example of Footings

Combined
Footings
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Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.

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Example of Footings

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Example of Footings

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Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.

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Example of Footings

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Summary of Classification
Wall Footing
Isolated Column Footing
Combined Footing
Strap Footing
Mat Foundation
Pile Cap

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Goal: 02
Footing Design

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General Requirements for Footing Design

A sub-soil investigation report is required to

determine the physical and engineering
properties of underlying soil.
To determine the magnitude and distribution
of loads form the superstructure

To establish the criteria and the tolerance for

the total and differential settlements of the
structure.

Determine the most suitable and economic type

of foundation
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General Requirements (contnd..)
To determine the depth of the footings below
the ground level.

To obtain the safe (allowable) bearing capacity of

the underlying soil.

To determine the pressure distribution beneath

the footing based on its width

To carry out a settlement analysis of the

foundation
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Distribution of Soil Pressure
P
When the column load P is
applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.

However the actual distribution of the soil is not

uniform, but depends on may factors especially the
composition of the soil and degree of flexibility of the
footing.

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 Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil. cohesive soil.

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Design Considerations

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Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
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Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement

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Failures

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Failures

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Failures

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Failures

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Failures

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Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight 
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
Pu
qu 
area of footing
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Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
 
 4 
Vc   2   f c b0 d ACI 11-35
 bc 
where, bc = long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
b0 = length of critical perimeter around the
column

When b > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.

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 Design of two-way shear
1. Assume d.
2. Determine b0.
b0 = 4(c+d) for square columns
where one side = c

b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)

for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
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Design of two-way shear

3. The shear force Vu acts at a

section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu  Pu  qu  c  d  for square columns
2

Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular
columns

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Design of two-way shear

4. Allowable fVc  4f f c b0 d

Let Vu=fVc
Vu
d
4f f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions

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 Design of one-way shear
For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column

fVc  2f f c b0 d

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Design of one-way shear
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
L c 
Vu  qu b   d 
 
2 2 
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked

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Design of one-way shear
If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = fVc

Vu
d
2f f c b

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Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
Mu
As 
 a 
ff y  d  
 2

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Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required r . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
f y As
a
0.85 f c b

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Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.

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Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
Reinforcement in band width 2

Total reinforcement in short direction b 1

long side of footing

where b
short side of footing
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Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio r = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to r = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.

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 Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given

ld  0.02 f y d b / fc

but not less than

0.003 f y d b  8 in.

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

length.
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Goal: 03
Example – Square Footing
Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use f'c = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi

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 Example – Square Footing
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc  d  150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.

 1 ft. 
Ws   s d s  100 lb/ft *  4 ft  24 in. *
3   200 lb/ft 2
 
 12 in. 

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Example – Square Footing
The effective soil pressure is given as:

qeff  qs  Wc  Ws
 5000 lb/ft 2  300 lb/ft 2  200 lb/ft 2
 4500 lb/ft 2  4.5 k/ft 2

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Example – Square Footing
Calculate the size of the footing:

Actual Loads  DL  LL  245 k  200 k  445 k

445 k
Area of footing   98.9 ft 2
2
4.5 k/ft
Side of footing  9.94 ft  Use 10 ft

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 Example – Square Footing
Calculate net upward pressure:

Actual Loads  1.2 DL  1.6 LL

 1.2245 k   1.6200 k   614 k
614 k
Net upward pressure qn   6.14 k / ft 2

100 ft 2

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Example – Square Footing
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.

d  h  cover  1.5d b
d  24 in.  3 in  1.51.0 in 
 19.5 in.

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 Example – Square Footing
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.

bo  4c  d 
 418 in.  19.5 in.  150 in.
 1 ft 
c  d  18 in.  19.5 in.   3.125 ft
 
 12 in 

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Example –Square Footing
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu  Pu  qn c  d 
2

 614 k  6.14 k/ft 3.125 ft 

2 2

 554 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
b 1
10 ft

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Example – Square Footing
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
4

 bc 
 d  s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge

Vc   s 
 2  f c b0 d and 20 for corner column
 bo 
Vc  4 f c b0 d

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Example – Square Footing
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear

 1000 lb 
554 k 
d
Vu
  1k 

f 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 150 in  
 19.47 in.

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Example – Square Footing
The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
 = 40
Vu
d
 40d 
f   2  f c b0
 bo 
 1000 lb 
554 k 
  1k 
 10.81 in.
 4019.5 in  
0.75  
 2  4000 150 in 
 150 in 
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 Example – Square Footing
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
  1 ft  
 18 in   
L c   10 ft    1 ft  
  d    12 in   19.5 in  
    
2 2  2 2  12 in  
 
 
 2.625 ft

L c 
Vu  qn l2    d 
2 2 
 6.14 k/ft 2 10 ft 2.625 ft   161.2 k
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 Example – Square Footing
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
 1000 lb 
161.2 k 
d
Vu
  1k 
f 2 fc b    12 in   
0.75 2 4000 10 ft    
   1 ft   
 14.2 in.

The footing is 19.5 in. > 14.2 in. so it will work.

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Example –Square Footing
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column
  1 ft  
 18 in  
 L c   10 ft  
     12 in    4.25 ft
   
 2 2 2 2
 
 
L c
  
 L c 2 2
M u  qn    b  6.14 k/ft4.25 ft 
4.25 ft 
10 ft 
 2 2 2 2
 554.5 k - ft
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Example –Square Footing
Calculate Ru for the footing to find r of the footing.

 12 in. 
554.5 k - ft *  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
bd 120 in * 19.5 in 2
 0.1458 ksi

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 Example – Square Footing
From Ru for the footing the r value can be found.

Ru  f c 1  0.59     1.7 
1.7 Ru
2
0
ff c
  0.1458 ksi  
1.7  1.7   41.7  
2

  0.94 ksi   
  0.04152
2
r fy 0.041524 ksi 
 0.04152  r   0.00277
fc 60 ksi

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 Example – Square Footing
Compute the area of steel needed
  12 in.  
As  r bd  0.0027710 ft 19.5 in.  6.48 in 2

  1 ft  
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As  0.0018 bh  0.0018 120 in.24 in.  5.18 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
 200 
As 
200
bd   120 in.19.5 in.  7.8 in 2  Use
 
fy  60000 
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Example – Square Footing
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As 7.8 in 2
n   13  Use 13 bars
Ab 0.60 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars

L  2 * cover 120 in - 23 in 

s   9.5 in
n  1 12

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Example – Square Footing
Final Design

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