Modue 9 :The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social This evolution in the dissemination and accessibility of

Media) information highlights the profound impact of

technological advancements on society and the way
*Theory of Information Age (1982) by James Messenger
information is handled.
*The Information Age is a true new age based upon the
interconnection of computers via telecommunications.
*Competition of Information
*Primarily driven for convenience, user-friendliness, and
-Information must compete for attention and credibility
user dependence.
in the Information Age.
*Increasing speed of information technology is
*Perception of Newness and Truth
associated with the development of computers.
-Newer information is often perceived as truer.
*The Information Age is also called the Digital Age and
*Subjectivity in Selection
the New Media Age.
-Selection of information is influenced by individual
The Gutenberg Era and Some Facts about Information viewpoints.
Age *Media and Cultural Influence
*Sumerian Writing System (3000 BC) -Media sells what the culture buys, influencing the
- Pictographs imprinted to rock tablets were used for information landscape.
conveying information. *Timeliness and Importance
-Signified an early form of recording and communicating -Early dissemination of information can have lasting
ideas. effects ("The early word gets the perm").
*Invention of Movable Metal Type Printing Press by *Impact of Consumption
Johannes Gutenberg (1450s) -Consumption of information influences cognitive
-Revolutionized the way information was disseminated. processes ("You are what you eat and so is your brain").
-Led to an abrupt widespread distribution of printed *Demand and Counterfeiting
works such as books, tracts, posters, and papers. -High demand for information can lead to
-Played a significant role in the European Renaissance. counterfeiting.
-Contributed to the development of the way *Controversial Nature of Ideas
information is managed and conveyed today. -Ideas are often viewed as controversial in the
*Impact of Movable Metal Type Printing Press Information Age.
-Drastically increased the spread of information. *Persistence of Information
-Increased accessibility of reading materials to the -Information continues to exist and circulate ("Undead
public. information walks ever on").
-Contributed to the rise in literacy among the *Media Influence on Narratives
population. -Media presence shapes and creates narratives ("Media
*Modern Information Age presence creates the story").
-Diverse modes of media outlets exist, including both *Medium's Role in Message
printed and online sources. -The medium through which information is conveyed
-Social media platforms play a significant role in influences the message ("The medium selects the
information dissemination. message").
-Challenges arise due to the rapid growth of *Quest for Truth
information, leading to difficulties in managing and -Pursuit of "the whole truth" remains a fundamental
processing it (Serafica, et.al. 2018). goal.
*Serafica, et.al. (2018)
-Cited Robert Harris's article on the "Truths of the The Internet and World Wide Web
Information Age."
*Internet Overview
-Harris likely provides insights into the nature and
-Worldwide system of interconnected networks.
challenges of the Information Age according to Serafica
-Facilitates transmission of variety of data and
and colleagues.
information using standardized communication
protocols.
*Origins in the 1960s
-Concept of an "Intergalactic Network" popularized by decade.
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider. -Expected to continue increasing in the coming years.
-Development of "packet switching" as a major building
The development of TCP/IP and the World Wide Web
block.
has significantly shaped the modern internet, leading to
-ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
widespread online engagement and the growth of
Network), the first workable prototype, funded by the
various sectors such as e-commerce.
U.S. Department of Defense.
*Early Usage Issues and Challenges on “Surfing the Net”
-Initially used during the 1970s for military transactions *Advancements in Communication
and research activities. -Internet enables convenient sending and receiving of
*Challenges messages.
-Limited rate of information transmission over early -Communication that once took days via written letters
phone lines. can now be done within minutes.
-Slow connectivity among internet users. -Establishment of cyberspace areas like chat rooms for
*Technological Advances public or private conversations.
-Development of fiber-optic cables. "Surfing the Net" becomes a popular pastime (Serafica,
-Improvement in microprocessor speed for processing et.al 2018, USHistory.org, 2017).
large volumes of data. *Overcoming Distance and Time
*Impact -Global communication becomes instantaneous,
-Enables high-speed data connection and efficient overcoming hurdles of distance and time zones.
transmission of information globally. *Diverse Uses of the Internet
-Beyond recreation and communication, internet
The evolution of the internet from its conceptualization
facilitates delivery of services and business ventures.
to its practical implementation has revolutionized
*Value of Digitized Information
communication and information sharing on a global
-Companies working with digitized information gain high
scale.
value in a short time.
*TCP/IP Protocol Development
-Individuals such as Bill Gates (Microsoft), Steve Jobs
-Developed by Robert Khan and Vinton Cerf.
(Apple), Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook), and Jack Ma
-Set standards for data transmission between multiple
(Alibaba) shape the online business world.
networks.
*Challenges and Threats
Adopted by ARPANET in 1983, laying the foundation for
-Internet's unregulated nature poses threats to safety,
the modern internet.
security, and privacy.
*World Wide Web (WWW) Development
-David Cunliffe highlights challenges in ensuring safety,
-Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.
security, and privacy in the digital world.
-Differs from the internet as it is a service of the
internet. Recent examples of cyber threats include:
-Most common means of accessing interconnected *Keylogging Software Theft
documents through websites and hyperlinks. -Theft of money from a bank customer's account via
*Impact of the World Wide Web keylogging software installed on their home computer.
-Crucial step in the development of vast online -Bank refunded the losses, but customer lost trust in
information accessibility. Internet banking.
--Allows users to access interconnected documents and *Phishing Attacks
resources easily. -Spam emails purporting to be from a bank, requesting
*Current Internet Usage recipients to confirm their bank security information by
-Billions of people are engaged online at any time of the responding to a specified electronic address.
day. *Covert Filming and Image Uploading
-Large impact on various sectors including social, -Covert filming using digital cameras and uploading of
political, and financial. images on the Internet without consent.
*E-commerce Trend *Identity Theft
-E-commerce business has been trending over the past
-Theft of a person's details for engaging in fraudulent -Possible motivations include:
activity using the stolen identity. a. Selling a product
b. Personal hobby or interest
Checking the Reliability of Web Source
c. Providing a public service
*Authorship
d. Furthering scholarship on a topic
-Identify the author of the site, looking for an "About"
e. Providing general information
or "More about the Author" link.
f. Persuading readers of a particular point of view
-Check for credentials provided by the author.
2.Homepage Evaluation:
-Assess the author's expertise and education related to
-Scan the homepage of the website for clues about its
the subject matter.
purpose.
-Consider the author's experience and whether it
-Assess whether the page:
warrants trust in their knowledge.
a. Is cluttered with advertising, suggesting a
-Search for additional information about the author,
commercial motive.
including affiliations with educational institutions or
b. Appears professionally designed, indicating
commercial sites.
credibility and reliability.
-Be cautious when using search engines, as multiple
c. Contains writing that attempts to persuade
individuals may share the same name.
readers to buy something, suggesting a commercial
*Guidelines for Determining Website Publisher and motive.
Purpose: *Determining the Intended Audience of the Site:
1.Publisher Identification 1. Identify Target Audience:
a. Examine the domain name of the website to -Determine whether the content is intended for scholars
determine the hosting organization. For example, or the general public.
"lee.edu" indicates that the Lee College Library website -Assess if the content is tailored to a specific age group
is hosted by Lee College. or if it is suitable for all ages.
b. Conduct a search on the domain name using a -Consider if the website is aimed at people from a
website like http://www.whois.sc/ to find information particular geographic area or if it is globally accessible.
about the registered domain owners. -Determine if the content is targeted towards members
2.Organization's Purpose of a particular profession or those with specific training
a. Explore the main website of the organization, if in a particular field.
available, to understand its purpose. *Assessing the Quality of Information on the Website:
b.Determine if the organization is educational, 1.Timeliness:
commercial, governmental, or nonprofit. a. Publication Date: Check when the website was first
c. Assess the reputation and credibility of the published and if it is regularly updated.
organization to gauge the reliability of the information b. Look for dates at the bottom of each page to
provided on the website. determine the currency of the information.
3.Consider the Domain Suffix c. Consider the type of information you need:
a.Pay attention to the suffix in the domain name, as it -For current events, statistics, or fields like science and
can indicate the type of entity hosting the website. healthcare, prioritize the most up-to-date information.
.edu = educational -For static information such as historical facts, older
.com = commercial publication dates may be acceptable if the source is
.mil = military reputable.
.gov = government 2.Source Citing:
.org = nonprofit -Determine if the author cites sources to support the
b. Note that while suffixes are usually descriptive, some information provided.
sites may obtain misleading suffixes. -Websites that cite their sources are generally
*Determining the main purpose of the site ; considered more reliable as it demonstrates thorough
research and familiarity with scholarship in the field.
1.Assessing Author and Publisher Intentions: website with the requirements of the task or inquiry.
-Consider why the author wrote the content and why Consider the following factors:
the publisher posted it.
4. Consideration of Website Types: your language clean.
-Determine the type of website based on its URL suffix *Share expert knowledge.
(.edu, .gov, .org, .com). *Help keep flame wars under control.
-Understand the nature and potential biases of each *Respect other people’s privacy.
type of resource: *Don’t abuse your power.
-Informational Resources: Typically sponsored by *Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes.
educational institutions or governmental agencies,
Module 10: Biodiversity and Healthy Society
providing factual information.
-Advocacy Resources: Sponsored by organizations
seeking to sell ideas or influence public opinion.
-Business or Marketing Resources: Sponsored by
commercial entities selling products, often biased but
may still provide useful information.
-News Resources: Provide current information on hot
topics, but credibility varies among different sources.
-Personal Web Pages/Resources: Include social media
platforms and blogs, useful for understanding public
opinion but exercise caution when using them in
academic papers.
Etymological Definition :Biodiversity is a term coined by
*Netiquette an American evolutionary biologist, Edward O. Wilson
-Netiquette is a term used for Network Etiquette, or and was used by Walter G. Rosen in 1985, contracting
Internet Etiquette. two distinct words: bios (life) and diversity (variety,
-Online interactions are becoming as important as face- assortment).
to-face ones. Real Definition: The variety of all forms of life and is
-Virginia Shea, dubbed the "network manners guru" by essential to the existence and proper functioning of all
the San Jose Mercury News, has defined “Netiquette” as ecosystems.
a set of rules for behaving properly online. -Biodiversity is an array of all variable living forms on
-When you enter any new culture, you’re liable to Earth.
commit a few social blunders.
-Something about cyberspace makes it easy to forget *The sum of all the different species of micro and
that you're interacting with other real people not just macro-organisms living on Earth and the variety of
codes and number characters on a screen. habitats in which they live.
*The complex network of different species found in
In her book Netiquette, writer Virginia Shea outlined ecosystems and the dynamic niche performed between
these important guidelines: them.
*Remember the human – This is the Golden Rule of *The sum of all the different species of animals, plants,
internet communications. Always be aware that you are fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth and the
talking to a person, not a device. Therefore, the same variety of habitats in which they live. (Microsoft Encarta,
rules of courtesy apply. 2009)
*Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that
you follow in real life. Importance of Biodiversity in an Ecosystem
*Know where you are in cyberspace – Netiquette varies 1. Genetic Diversity
from domain to domain. What is acceptable in a chat -corresponds to the wide-ranging characteristics in the
room may not be appropriate in a professional forum, genetic makeup contained in each of the micro-
so "think before you click". organisms, fungi, plants and animals.
*Respect other people’s time and bandwidth – Not -it is the total number of genetic characteristics as well
everyone has stable internet connection and time zones. as chromosomes present in the genetic makeup of a
*Make yourself look good online – Spelling and single species.
grammar count! Always write thoughtful posts and keep *Genetic diversity serves as a way for population of
species to adapt to changing environments. therefore, a greater variety of crops.
*Greater genetic diversity increases the chance for 3. Protect freshwater resources
survival of a population as the ecosystem changes. 4. Promote soils formation and protection
There is a direct relationship between genetic diversity 5. Provide for nutrient storage and recycling
and survival of population in an ecosystem. 6. Aid in breaking down pollutants
7. Contribute to climate stability
2. Species Diversity
8. Speed recovery from natural disasters
-the number of different kinds of organisms found in a
9. Provide more food resources
particular habitat
10. Provide more medicinal resources and
-the existence of a wide range of different types of
pharmaceutical drugs
organisms at a given place and time
11. Offer environments for recreation and tourism
-the population of species and the relative abundance of
each species a community
Biodiversity has cultural value to humans as well.
*Species diversity can be measured by counting the
According to AMNH, human cultural diversity is included
population of each species.
as a part of biodiversity and the term ―biocultural is
*As species diversity increases, the health of the
used to depict the vibrant interconnectedness between
ecosystem increases.
people and ecosystem. This perception recognizes the
*Most likely, species diversity is directly proportional
fact that human knowledge and beliefs transform, and
with health of ecosystem.
in turn are influenced, by the ecological systems of
3. Ecosystem Diversity which human communities are a part. This relationship
-it is a measure of the variety of biotic and abiotic makes all of biodiversity play an important role in
factors present in a particular area or in the biosphere maintaining a diverse and healthy biosphere.
*Rainforest usually have high ecosystem diversity and Biodiversity is the foundation for human health.
deserts or Polar Regions usually have low ecosystem Biodiversity enhances ecosystem productivity where
diversity. each species, no matter how small, has its own niche.
*An ecosystem with higher diversity is more productive Greater species diversity warrants natural sustainability
than an ecosystem with lower biodiversity. for all life forms.
*As ecosystem diversity increases, the health of the As asserted by Mission (2015), biodiversity is essential
ecosystem also increases. for a wide array of natural systems to exist and thrive. In
*Generally, ecosystem diversity is directly proportional the environment, everything is connected. One break in
to health of the ecosystem. the chain can cause a major malfunction and halt these
processes. To preserve those most important to us, we
Importance of Biodiversity to Human Lives must preserve them all, for the parts must be preserved
Generally, rich biodiversity is necessary to make an to preserve the whole.
ecosystem functional in order to support human
survival. Man primarily obtains his basic needs, also Module 11: Genetically Modified Organisms: Science,
known as goods, from biodiversity such as food, shelter, Health and Politics
air, water, temperature, fuel, medicine, and others for
his existence. *These instructions are found within cells in a chain
Further, the interaction of the diverse groups of biotic called DNA, known as the blueprint of life. DNA is
and abiotic factors in an ecosystem provide crucial divided into small sections called genes which control
regulating services such as: oxygen production, water different aspects of the organism’s growth and
purification, soil formation, climate regulation, nutrient characteristics. These genes that codes special
cycling, pest and disease control and many more. characteristics have been the interest of scientists and
According to WJU/CET (2020), below are innumerable developers for the purpose of many promising advances
importance of healthy ecosystems and rich biodiversity in agriculture and many other fields.
that make Earth habitable for billions of years: *Genetic engineering is the process of inserting new
1. Increase ecosystem productivity; each species in an genetic information into existing cells in order to modify
ecosystem has a specific niche—a role to play a specific organism for the purpose of changing its
2. Support a larger number of plant species and,
characteristics. Genetic Engineering sometimes called as spot you want to amplify
recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. These organisms
are called transgenic, into which DNA from unrelated *Restriction Enzymes And Ligase
organism has been artificially introduced. A genetically -If you want to cut and paste a gene from one place to
modified organism therefore, with its correct definition, another, restriction enzymes are a great way to do that.
is an organism that has undergone artificial These are enzymes naturally made by bacteria, and each
manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA one has a specific sequence that it recognizes and then
and is usually done in the laboratory. cuts unevenly. You can use this enzyme to cut a gene of
*The technology was invented in the early 1970’s and is interest out of any old DNA, and then use the same
credited in the name of Herbert Boyer and Robert enzyme to cut a plasmid (a tiny circular piece of DNA
Swanson from Genentech, the first genetic engineering that bacteria can carry).
company located in the United States. The company was -Because the enzyme recognizes a certain sequence,
able to produce a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli and cuts it. unevenly, each of the places that were cut
and genetically engineered human insulin. Now-a-day, has a length of unpaired DNA with a certain sequence.
food scarcity and lack of resources are very evident. And it just so happens that all of the unevenly cut ends
are able to match with each other. That means you can
*The Process of Genetic Engineering take the gene you just cut and insert it into the plasmid.
step 1. Identify a trait of interest Once you have a plasmid containing a gene you’d like to
Step 2. Isolate the genetic trait of interest work with, you can introduce it into bacteria. Then,
Step 3. Inset the desired trait into the new genome when the bacteria replicate, your plasmid will replicate
Step 4. Growing the gmo as well.

Genetic Engineering Tools *GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

*Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR -The gel is just what it sounds like—a slab of material
-PCR uses DNA polymerase, the same enzyme that that looks and feels a little bit like Jell-O. If you could
copies DNA in our cells when it’s time for them to shrink down to the size of a DNA molecule, you would
divide. But instead of the human version of that see the gel as a network of chains of sugars called
enzyme, PCR uses a version of that enzyme, called Taq agarose. A tiny piece of DNA could easily slip between
polymerase, from a bacterium called Thermophilus the strands, like how a mouse can disappear into a
aquaticus. brush pile. But a larger piece of DNA would have a
-This tiny creature lives in very hot water, including the harder time. To get the DNA to move, a scientist hooks
geysers in Yellowstone National Park. Its DNA up electrodes that put a positive charge at one end of
polymerase can withstand extreme heat. Genetic the gel and a negative charge at the other. DNA is
Engineering Tools 221 That’s convenient, because when negatively charged, so it wants to move toward the end
we heat DNA, the two strands of the double helix are no with the positive electrode. After a while, perhaps an
longer strongly attracted to each other. hour or two depending on the experiment, the DNA
-A PCR machine heats a sample of DNA until the two shows up as stripes, or bands, in the gel. DNA is
strands come apart. Then it lowers the temperature naturally clear, but you can dye it after the fact, or you
back to normal, and the Taq polymerase gets to work can use DNA that has already had a dye or label
filling in the missing nucleotides on each lonely strand. attached.
Now we have two pieces of DNA. Raise the temperature
again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the *CRISPR AND GENE EDITING Cut and Paste
amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ten cycles to There are many ways to cut and paste DNA, but one
get 1,024 copies of DNA. This polymerase needs a new technique, known as CRISPR/Cas9, can do the job
doublestranded bit of DNA to start from, though. So easily and more precisely than ever before. CRISPR,
when you begin your PCR experiment, you can add which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
primers—short segments of single-stranded DNA—that Palindromic Repeats, is a group of DNA sequences that
match the sequence at the beginning and end of the are derived from DNA fragments from bacteriophages
that have infected a prokaryote. These sequences are
then tasked to search and destroy any similar *Cotton plants make our clothes, but they are food
bacteriophages that try to infect that organism. crops too: cotton seed oil is edible. Like corn and soy,
Meanwhile, Cas9, which stands for CRISPR-associated cotton plants are often genetically modified to resist
protein 9, is a protein that is able to cut DNA, which insects or to tolerate weed killers.
gives bacteria with Cas9 the ability to alter any genome *There is one GMO potato variety that was approved in
using this protein. With a CRISPR/Cas9 technique 2017. Its naturally occurring enzyme for browning
developed just a few years ago, you can actually tell the (which happens when the potato is bruised) no longer
CRISPR machinery where in a chromosome you would works, so the potato doesn’t get black spots. This potato
like to see a change and exactly what change you would also produces less acrylamide, a chemical that is formed
like it to be. Jennifer Doudna, one of the people who when food is fried or cooked at high temperatures.
discovered the technique, has said that it’s like having a *Papayas
scalpel when the previous tools were all sledge Most papayas on the market today are genetically
hammers. engineered to be resistant to the papaya ringspot
virus.The GMO papaya may have saved the papaya
*Genetic Engineering in Plants industry; before it came along, the virus devastated
-Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used papaya crops.
in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified *MacGregor Tomatoes
using genetic engineering methods. These GMO tomatoes stay firm after harvest because
*Genetic Engineering in Animals the gene for polygalacturonase (PG), the enzyme that
-Genetic engineering poses great improvement of breaks down pectin, is suppressed. The suppression was
health and welfare among agricultural animals. It is accomplished by antisense DNA technology, so fruits
observed that genetic engineering animals can be have longer shelf life.
resistant to diseases, parasites and endure stresses
making them more productive. Genetically Modified Bacterium
*Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 1. Pseudomonas flourescens bacterium
-The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines This bacterium has been has been engineered to
genetically modified organism, (GMO) as an ―organism, produce a toxin normally produced by Bacillus
either plant, animal or microorganisms, in which the thuringiensis. This toxin kills certain plant pathogens,
genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that such as the European corn borer. The genetically altered
does not occur naturally by mating or natural pseudomonas, which produces much more toxin than B.
recombination. Thuringiensis, can be added to plant seeds and in time
-GMO’s are artificially manipulated in a laboratory will enter the vascular system of the growing plant. Its
through genetic engineering toxin is ingested by the feeding borer larvae and kills
*Genetic Engineering Products them (but is harmless to humans and other warm-
1. Agricultural Products blooded animals).
*Bt Cotton, Bt Corn, and Bt Potato Animal Husbandry Products
-Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are pathogenic to some -Bovine growth hormone (bGH)
insects because they produce a protein called Bt toxin -bGH improves weight gain and milk production in
that interferes with the insect digestive tract. The Bt cattle, produced by E. coli.
gene has been inserted into a variety of crop plants, Porcine growth hormone (pGH)
including corn, cotton and potatoes, so insects that eat -Improves weight gain in swine; produced by E. Coli
the plants will be killed. Transgenic animals
-This corn is the source of cornstarch, corn syrup, and -Genetic modification of animals to produce medically
tons of other corn-related products. It also makes up useful products in their milk
most of the diet that chickens, cows, and other livestock
eat. The majority of corn grown this way is genetically Pharmaceutical Products
modified to stave off insects or to tolerate being sprayed Human Growth Hormone
with weed killers, or both. -Corrects growth deficiencies in children produced by E.
coli.
Cervical Cancer Vaccine -Genetic modifications on crops are believed to affect
-Consists of viral proteins produced by S. cerevisiae. the ability of people to defend against illness. Therefore,
Factor VII there is a chance that GMO foods could contribute in
-Treatment for hemorrhagic strokes; produced by the growing concerns of people becoming more
mammalian cell culture. resistant to antibiotics. The WHO has said that the risk
Hepatitis B Vaccine of gene transfer s low. As a precaution, WHO has set
-Produced by S. cerevisiae that carries hepatitis virus guidelines for the manufacturers of GMO foods.
gene on a plasmid Outcrossing
Influenza Vaccine -It refers to the risk of genes from certain GMO plants
-Trial vaccine made from E. coli or S. cerevisiae carrying mixing with those of conventional crops. There have
virus genes. been reports of low levels of GMO crops approved as
Human insulin animal feed or for industrial use being found in food
-Therapy for diabetes; better tolerated than insulin meant for human consumption
extracted from animals; produced by E. coli.
Karki (2006) identified major environmental risks from
Advantages and Disadvantages of GMOs GMOs, including gene flow risks, resistance emergence,
-Manufacturers use genetic modification to give foods secondary pests, weed problems, and recombination of
desirable traits. For example, they have designed two viruses and bacteria. While genetics has made
new varieties of apple that turn less brown when cut or significant strides since Gregor Mendel's rediscovery,
bruised. the pace and direction of research remain uncertain.
-Crops are more resistant to diseases as they grow. With care and thoughtfulness, the great promise of
Manufacturers also engineer produce to be more modern genetics can be realized.
nutritious or tolerant of herbicides.
-Crop protection is the main rationale behind this type Module 12:The Nano World
of genetic modification. Plants that are more resistant to *Nanotechnology
diseases spread by insects or viruses result in higher -The idea of nanotechnology and Nano science started
yields for farmers and a more attractive product. on December 29, 1959 when American --Theoretical
-Genetically modification can also increase nutritional Physicist Richard Feynman introduce a method in which
value or enhance flavor. scientists can direct and control individual atoms and
-Can contribute to lower costs for the consumer. It also molecules in his talk “ There’s Plenty of Room at the
ensures that more people have access to quality food Bottom” at an annual meeting of the American Physical
Allergic Reactions Society at Caltech (NNI, 2017)
-The World Health Organization (WHO) is discouraging -American Theoretical Physicist Richard Feynman
genetic engineers from using DNA from allergens unless -Professor Norio Taniguchi used the term
there are relevant proofs that the gene itself will not NANOTECHNOLOGY to describe semi-conductor
cause any health problem. It is believed by some people processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam
that GMO foods contain allergens that can trigger milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of
allergic reactions. However, it is also noting that there nanometer. Moreover, the invention of Scanning
have been no reports of allergic effects of any GMO Tunnelling Microscope and Atomic Force microscopy
foods currently on the market. marked the beginning of Nanotechnology. These
Cancer instruments enable scientists to see and manipulate
-Some researchers argue that cancer is a disease that is atoms.
caused by mutations in DNA and it is dangerous to -therefore, nanotechnology is the study of phenomena
introduce new genes into the body hence, GMO and fine-tuning of materials at atomic, molecular and
products can contribute to cancer development. macromolecular scale, where properties differ
However, the American Cancer Society (ACS) that more significantly from those at a large scale. (European
research activities should be thoroughly conducted to Commission). Nanotechnology is an advanced
reach more valid conclusions on GMOs. interdisciplinary field that encompasses science and
Antibacterial Resistance technology that manufactures materials of great help to
the improvement of various areas of society especially someone carving a model airplane out of a block of
health care, environment, energy, food, water and wood. This approach requires larger amounts of
agriculture. materials and can lead to waste if excess material is
discarded.
*Nanomaterials and Nano Scale 2.The bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing
-Nanomaterials are chemical substances or materials creates products by building them up from atomic- and
that are manufactured and used at a very small scale. molecular-scale components, which can be
Nanomaterials are developed to exhibit novel timeconsuming. Scientists are exploring the concept of
characteristics compared to the same material without placing certain molecularscale components together
nanoscale features, such as increased strength, chemical that will spontaneously “self-assemble,” from the
reactivity or conductivity. bottom up into ordered structures.
-The National Institute of Environmental Health Science
discussed that nanosized particles exist in nature and There are also a growing number of new processes
can be created from a variety of products, such as that enable nano manufacturing:
carbon or minerals like silver, but nanomaterials by -Chemical vapor deposition is a process in which
definition must have at least one dimension that is less chemicals react to produce very pure, high-performance
than approximately 100 nanometers. Most nanoscale film
materials are too small to be seen with the naked eye -Molecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing
and even with conventional laboratory microscopes. highly controlled thin films
-Nanotechnology can be used to design pharmaceuticals -Atomic layer epitaxy is a process for depositing one-
that can target specific organs or cells in the body such atom-thick layers on a surface
as cancer cells, and enhance the effectiveness of -Dip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an
therapy. atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical
-Nanomaterials can also be added to cement, cloth and fluid and then used to "write" on a surface, like an old
other materials to make them stronger and yet lighter. fashioned ink pen onto paper
-Their size makes them extremely useful in electronics, -Nanoimprint lithography is a process for creating
and they can also be used in environmental remediation nanoscale features by "stamping" or "printing" them
or clean-up to bind with and neutralize toxins onto a surface
-A nanometer is a billionth of a meter (109 ) -Roll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to
produce nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic
*NANOMANUFACTURING or metal
-Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as -Self-assembly describes the process in which a group of
nanomanufacturing. It involves scaled-up, reliable, and components come together to form an ordered
cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structure without outside direction
structures, devices, and systems. It also includes
research, development, and integration of topdown Risks Involved in the Use of Nanotechnology
processes and increasingly complex bottom-up or self- 1. Nanoparticles may damage the lungs. We know that
assembly processes. In more simple terms, 'ultra fine' particles from diesel machines, power plants
nanomanufacturing leads to the production of improved and incinerators can cause considerable damage to
materials and new products human lungs. This is both because of their size (as they
-Structures and properties of materials can be improved can get deep into the lungs) and also because they carry
through these nanomanufacturing processes. other chemicals including metals and hydrocarbons in
- A product of nanomanufacturing: with them.
A 16 gauge wire 2. Nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin,
Same wire on a 150 ply spool lungs and digestive system. This may help create 'free
There are two basic approaches to nanomanufacturing: radicals' which can cause cell damage and damage to
the DNA. There is also concern that once nanoparticles
1.Top-down fabrication reduces large pieces of are in the bloodstream they will be able to cross the
materials all the way down to the nanoscale, like blood-brain barrier.
3. The human body has developed a tolerance to most -The vector can be injected or given intravenously (by
naturally occurring elements and molecules that it has IV) directly into a specific tissue in the body, where it is
contact with. It has no natural immunity to new taken up by individual cells. Alternately, a sample of the
substances and is more likely to find them toxic. patient's cells can be removed and exposed to the
vector in a laboratory setting. The cells containing the
Nanoparticles are likely to be dangerous for three main vector are then returned to the patient. If the treatment
reasons: is successful, the new gene delivered by the vector will
-Some nanoparticles cause lung damage in rats. Several make a functioning protein.
studies have shown that carbon nanotubes, which are -Researchers must overcome many technical challenges
similar in shape to asbestos fibres, cause mesothelioma before gene therapy will be a practical approach to
in the lungs of rats. Other nanoparticles have been treating disease. For example, scientists must find better
shown to lead to brain damage in fish and dogs ways to deliver genes and target them to particular cells.
-A German study found clear evidence that if discrete They must also ensure that new genes are precisely
nanometer diameter particles were deposited in the controlled by the body.
nasal region (in rodents in this case), they completely -A new gene is inserted directly into a cell. A carrier
circumvented the blood/brain barrier, and travelled up called a vector is genetically engineered to deliver the
the olfactory nerves straight into the brain. gene. An adenovirus introduces the DNA into the
-Inhaled carbon nanotubes can suppress the immune nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a
system by affecting the function of T cells, a type of chromosome.
white blood cell that organizes the immune system to
fight infections. Types of gene theraphy
1. Somatic gene therapy – transfer of a section of
Module 13 :Gene therapy DNA to any cell of the body that doesn’t
-Gene therapy is when a DNA is introduced into a produce sperm or eggs.
patient to treat a genetic disease. The new DNA 2. Germline gene therapy – transfer of a section of
contains a functioning gene to correct the effects of a DNA to cells that produces sperm or eggs.
disease causing mutation. It is also an experimental
technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Categories of Gene Therapy:
This technique ma allow doctors to treat a disorder by 1. Somatic-Cell gene therapy for the cure and
inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using prevention of diseases.
drugs or surgery. 2. Germ Line gene therapy for cure and prevention of
-Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material diseases.
into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make 3. Somatic cell enhancement.
a beneficial protein. If a mutated gene causes a 4. Germ line enhancement.
necessary protein to be faulty or missing, gene therapy
may be able to introduce a normal copy of the gene to Gene Therapy Techniques
restore the function of the protein. 1. Gene augmentation therapy
A gene that is inserted directly into a cell usually does -It is designed for diseases caused by loss of function of
not function. Instead, a carrier called a vector is a gene, introducing extra copies of a normal gene may
genetically engineered to deliver the gene. Certain increase the amount of normal gene product to a level
viruses are often used as vectors because they can where the normal phenotype is restored.
deliver the new gene by infecting the cell. The viruses 2.Gene inhibition therapy
are modified so they can't cause disease when used in -This is suitable for the treatment of infectious diseases,
people. Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, cancer and inherited diseases caused by the
integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) inappropriate gene activity. The aim is to introduce a
into a chromosome in the human cell. Other viruses, gene whose product either: inhibits the expression of
such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the another gene or interferes with the activity of the
nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a product of another gene.
chromosome. 3. Gene therapy killing of specific cells
-Genes are directed to the target cells and then Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
expressed so as to cause cell killing. Direct cell killing is observes climate variability in the Philippines and
possible if the inserted genes are expressed to produce identified that the country is warming at an average rate
a lethal toxin(suicide gene) or a gene encoding a of 0.1°C/decade. In addendum, there is an increasing
prodrug is inserted, conferring susceptibility to killing by trend in annual and seasonal rainfall in many parts of
a subsequently administered drug the country while sea level is expected to rise by
approximately 20 cm by the end of the century
Bioethics of Gene Therapy (PAGASA, 2018).
At present, the type of therapy being undertaken is
somatic gene therapy where the DNA is inserted to a Climate change can be defined as a constant change in
somatic cell and is not passed on to the offspring. the variability or trend on the current climatic
Germline therapy on the other hand, the DNA is conditions. Trends must be observed for 30 years before
inserted into a reproductive cell in which it can be climate change may be assumed. Climate change can be
passed on to the offspring. caused by nature or human (anthropogenic).
The controversy lies in the latter type since the affected Natural causes of climate change include ocean
individuals are the unborn ones who will be currents, changes in the orbit of the Earth, variations in
experiencing the unexpected consequences of the solar energy output, ocean oscillations (such as El Nino
technique. and La Nina cycle) and volcanic eruptions. In fact, the
The following are some ethical questions surrounding eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Zambales Province,
gene therapy (Genetics Home Reference, 2017). 1991, caused a 0.5°C drop in global temperature.
- How can “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy be Although volcanic eruptions spew out carbon dioxide
distinguished? - Who decides which traits are normal and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), volcanic emissions
and which constitute a disability or disorder? are less than 1% of emissions from current human
- Will the high costs of gene therapy make it available activities.
only to the wealthy? On the other hand, anthropogenic climate change is
- Could the widespread use of gene therapy make caused by all human interactions with the environment.
society less accepting of people who are different? Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have
- Should people be allowed to use gene therapy to increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by
enhance basic human traits such as height, intelligence, economic and population growth, and are now higher
or athletic ability? than ever. This has led to atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are
Module 14 :Climate Change and the Energy Crisis unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Their
The Earth’s atmosphere is a huge blanket, keeping the effects, together with those of other anthropogenic
planet warm. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon drivers, have been detected throughout the climate
dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) retains the radiant system and are extremely likely to have been the
energy from the Sun and reflects it back to the Earth’s dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-
surface. This mechanism is called Greenhouse Effect 20th century. (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014).
(GHE) as it mimics the concept of a greenhouse as
nursery for plants. GHE made the normal average Some of the culprits of the current climate change
temperature of Earth to 15°C, while without GHE, the include the following:
Earth’s temperature would be - 18°C on average, where transfortation - Petrol- and diesel-powered cars, public
most life cannot thrive. However, due to human vehicles including train and aircrafts account for a large
activities, the level of GHG emissions increased, leading proportion of carbon dioxide emissions;
to enhanced greenhouse effect which cause of global industry-Most of the energy used to supply industry
warming. primarily comes from burning fossil fuels. This process
generates vast quantities for carbon dioxide and other
Humans, Enhanced Greenhouse Effect, and Climate greenhouse gases;
Change wastes-Decomposition of garbage and agricultural
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and waste materials, leaks in coal mining and natural gas
production are methane sources and account for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
additional global warming effects; The concept of Climate Change Adaptation and
deforestation- Cutting down trees means less carbon Mitigation rose in lieu of the onslaught of devastation to
dioxide is stored in woods and in soil. Burning of forest humans due to climate change. Climate change
to clear land creates even more carbon dioxide; and adaptation is an adjustment to response to climate
Population- As the population increases, so the demand change impacts while mitigation is the intervention of
for housing, transport, heat, light, and goods rises. More people to reduce the sources, enhance the sinking of
energy consumption means more emissions. greenhouse gases and lessen the further damage of
climate change to humans.
Impacts of Climate Change Energy
1. On water resources: -Energy resources can be classified into non-renewable
In areas/regions where rainfall is projected to and renewable sources. Fossil fuels such as gas and coal
decrease, there will be water stress (both in quantity are widely used since the start of the industrial
and quality), which will most likely cascade into more revolution in the 18th century.
adverse impacts, particularly on forestry, agriculture and Oil was called the “black gold‟ and controlled by the
livelihood, health, and human settlement. Hydropower oil-rich countries collectively formed the Organization of
production from dams and other related infrastructure the Petroleum Exporting Countries which controlled the
will be limited due to heavier rainfall or longer droughts, supply and price of oil globally. In 1975, the term global
therefore largely affect energy sufficiency of the country. warming was coined by Wallace Smith Broecker, in an
Additionally, flooding events could severely impact article which correctly predicted that rising carbon
public infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, dioxide levels in the atmosphere would lead to
including classrooms, evacuation centers, and hospitals. pronounced warming. Since then, a shift in the world‟s
2. On coastal reasources energy sources changed the game in industrialization
Coastal and low-lying areas and islands will face and climate change.
permanent inundation in the future due to sea level Due to the awareness of climate change, world
rise. The combined effects of increased temperature, governments vow to cut GHG emissions, signing the
changes in rainfall, and accelerated sea level rise may 2015 Paris Agreement and shift to renewable energy
result to stronger and more devastating tropical sources increased. With higher population and
cyclones, storm surges and expose the population to increased urbanization and industrialization, the
related hazards. Minute changes in the ocean demand for energy increases. With the publication of
temperature and acidity can also lead to death of coral the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report
reefs which are breeding ground of marine animals, in 2007, anthropogenic global warming was identified as
therefore limiting the seafood supply of people. the most likely cause of climate change, since the
3. On ecosystems intensive use of fossil fuels produces large-scale
Changes in rainfall and temperature patterns emissions of greenhouse gases
can lead to death of species due to their sensitivity to
weather conditions. Longer dry seasons during the Although promising, renewable energy faces several
warm phase of El Nino could cause forest fires and problems. These include:
communities that largely depend on the ecological Capital costs: Equipment for renewable energy is
services provided by forests may be largely affected. expensive as compared to non-renewable energy
4. On health resources. In order to build plants such as wind and
Increase in temperature and rainfall could trigger health solar farms, hydroelectric power plant, huge money
emergencies such as outbreaks and spread of water- must be allocated.
based and vectorborne diseases leading to higher Siting and Transmission: Nonrenewable energy sources
morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary and cardiovascular are centralized, meaning they rely on relatively few
diseases will be more prominent in young and elderly high-output power plants. On the other hand,
populations. renewable energy sources offer a decentralized model
with smaller generating station which must be spread
across a large area to provide power. The problem with
decentralization is the location where farms must be crust. Thus, it can be found in the shallow ground to
built and the power lines and infrastructures needed to several miles below the surface and even farther down
transport electricity. the magma, an extremely hot molten rock.
Efficiency: Unlike non-renewable energy power plant, Advantages: It is the most efficient energy from all the
the output of renewable energy farms is uncertain due other renewable energy sources. It can remain stable
to several factors. For example, solar farms may provide throughout the different seasons of the year. It also
lower output during rainy or cloudy days. generates a very little wasted, thus, causes less
environmental impact.
Classification of Energy Resources and Its Advantage Disadvantages: It is has a high initial cost on the process
and Disadvantages: of generating electricity from the ground. It is unviable
1. Renewable Energy in large cities. It can deteriorate landscape since the
a.Solar energy. exploitation of this type of energy need to drill the earth
This comes directly from the sun, which is the primary surface of the geothermal deposits and if accidents or
source of energy. it is a sustainable resources, it does leak happens, hydrogen sulphide can be released to the
not run out but it can be maintained because the sun atmosphere.
shines almost every day. e. Biomass.
Advantage: It is relatively predictable and reliable. It It is an organic source of energy which means that it is
does not create any emission that would create made up of materials that come from plants and
pollution when generating energy from it. animals. This is the oldest energy source used by
Disadvantage: The time of its, only being in the sky 50% humans.
of the time of the day and the type of weather may also Advantages: It is renewable if produced in a sustainable
affect its presence. manner. It produces lesser pollution compared to the
b. Wind energy. other types of energy sources. It helps cleanliness as it
The natural movement of air across the land and sea is recycles waste thus reduces pollution and spreading of
the wind. It can be used to turn blades of a wind mill diseases.
and then turns the shaft to which they are attached. Disadvantages: The cost of its construction is high.
Their movement will then produces energy. Transportation of biogas through pipe over long
Advantage: It does not generate any emission like the distance is difficult. Crops which are used to produce
sun. Disadvantage: Energy produced can only be used biomass energy are seasonal.
by the people near the shorelines or in rural areas, it - a biomass ( woodchip) power plant in Germany
cannot supply energy to urban areas which there is a 2. Non-renewable Energy
great demand of energy. a.Coal
c. Hydroelectric energy. This is formed by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
It uses the power of moving water to generate and varying amounts of sulphur.in some areas, they are
electricity. It is the second largest source of renewable formed from swamps covered by sea water. When the
source of energy. sea water dried up, the sulphur that it contains will be
Advantage: Just like the sun and the wind, hydroelectric left behind in the coal. At present, scientists are working
energy does not generate emissions and a consistent on how to remove the sulphur out of the coal because
and reliable source of energy. Disadvantages: It is when they burn the coal to produce energy it releases
expensive to build and its construction of its plants may the sulphur in the atmosphere as an air pollutant. There
have a detrimental effect on the flow of river and water are three types of coal:
supply. It can also alter the life and habitat of animals 1) Lignite, a brown coal that has the lowest carbon
and plants that live on and near the hydroelectric power content of 25-35% only;
plants. 2)Bituminous, a soft coal that has slight carbon content
- magat dam , Isabela Philippines of 45-86%, and
d. Geothermal energy. 3) Anthracite, a hard coal that contains the highest
This is can be used for thousands of years because it is carbon content (86-97%)
simply derived from the earth‟s internal heat. It is Advantage: It is inexpensive and its production is does
contained in the rock and fluids beneath the earth‟s not depend on whether unlike the renewable resources,
it can be produced 24/7. It can also provide economic the nuclear energy generates far more power per unit
stability for millions of people in the whole world. weight or volume than any other fossil fuels. In terms of
Disadvantage: When depleted, it took millions of years its impact on the environment, it is relatively light
to form again. Even it is consistent and reliable source of compared to the other non-renewable energy
energy nowadays, it will not be available forever. resources.
b. Natural gas. Disadvantages: When accident happen in the power
This can be found near oil deposits, mainly composed of plant, the radioactive waste can possess a threat to the
methane. It is used in many ways for industrial, environment and to the human as well. This is
commercial, residential and transportation purposes. In dangerous to human health for thousands of years.
other country, most especially in the US Department of A schematic diagram of a pressurized water reactor
Energy estimates that natural gas can be up to 68% less (PWR), the most common type of nuclear reactor.
expensive than electricity.
Advantages: It produces less pollution like the other Climate change is a long-term change in the average
fossil fuels. It is abundant and readily available and can weather patterns that have come to define Earth‟s local,
lighter and easier to transport via ships, tankers and regional and global climates. There are natural causes of
pipes. climate change including volcanic eruption, ocean
Disadvantages: It is a highly flammable and it releases current, earth orbital changes and current global
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other carbon warming but the vast of the reason why climate change
compound-products in the atmosphere which can is hastening because of anthropogenic reasons including
contribute to the greenhouse effect. burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and the birth of
c. Oil. industrial revolution. There are various identified effects
This type of energy source is currently the most widely of climate change including rising of temperature,
used fossil fuels which account about 1/3 of the global changing of precipitation level, melting of ice caps, more
energy consumption. It is made up from hydrocarbons drought and heat waves, stronger hurricanes, and sea
and is extracted from the ground. It also take a million level rise.
of years to form. According to Colgate University (2016)
70% of the oil deposits that exists nowadays were Mitigation measures are those actions that are taken to
formed in the Mesozoic era, 20% of it was also formed reduce and curb greenhouse gas emissions and is in
in the Cenozoic era and only 10% were formed in the nature general and true to all, while adaptation
Paleozoic era. measures are based on reducing vulnerability to the
Advantages: Widely and easily distributed worldwide. It effects of climate change based on local settings. The
can be easily stored and transported. It is also cleaner following are examples of mitigation strategies: Practice
and easier to burn than coal. Energy efficiency, Greater use of renewable energy,
Disadvantages: It is non-renewable and fast depleting. Electrification of industrial processes, Efficient means of
Burning oils as a source of energy produces carbon transport implementation: electric public transport,
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other bicycle, shared cars and Carbon tax and emissions
particulate materials which can pollute the air and are markets. The following are examples of adaptation
major cause of global warming. If offshore oil producers strategies; More secure facility locations and
will not take some precautions oil spills may occur thus infrastructures, Landscape restoration (natural
polluting the water. landscape) and reforestation, Flexible and diverse
d. Nuclear energy: cultivation to be prepared for natural catastrophes,
This are the energy that came from the nucleus of an Research and development on possible catastrophes,
atom, the smallest unit that makes up a matter, this can temperature behaviour and Preventive and
be used to create electricity but it must first released by precautionary measures like evacuation plans and
an atom through the process of nuclear fission which health issues.
the atoms are split to release the energy.
Advantage: It is relatively low cost, generating electricity Module 15:ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
from the nuclear reactors is cheaper than electricity *Environmental awareness is the process of being
generated from oil, gas, and coals. The Uranium used for aware of our natural environment and making choices
that an individual can do that benefit the earth rather *Loss of biodiversity
than to harm it. *Climate change
Scientific Principles of Sustainability How to solve environmental problems
According to environmental researchers/ scientists, we *3RS
should study how life on the earth has survived and *USE DISPOSABLE ITEMS
adapted to major changes in environmental conditions *CONSERVE WATER AND ELECTRICITY
for billions of years. We could make the transition to *PARTICIPATE IN TREE PLANTING
more sustainable societies by applying these lessons *EDUCATE PEOPLE
from nature to our lifestyles and economies Major Environmental Laws
Reliance on Solar Energy. The sun (solar capital) warms 1. Republic Act 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste
the planet and supports photosynthesis used by plants Management Act of 2000) This law ensures the
to provide food for themselves and for us and most proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment
other animals. and disposal of solid waste through the formulation
Biodiversity/ Biological diversity. The astounding and adaptation of best eco-waste products.
variety of different organisms, the genes they contain, 2. Republic Act 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of
the ecosystems in which they exist, and the natural 2004) This law aims to protect the country’s water
services they provide have yielded countless ways for bodies from pollution from industries and
life to adapt to changing environmental conditions commercial establishments, agriculture and
throughout the earth’s history. community activities.
Population Control. Competition for limited resources 3. Republic Act 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of
among different species places a limit on how much 1999) This law aims to achieve and maintain clean
their populations can grow. air that meets the National Quality guideline values
Nutrient Cycling. Natural processes recycle chemicals for criteria pollutants, throughout the country, while
that plants and animals need to stay alive and minimizing the possible associated impacts to the
reproduce. There is little or no waste in natural systems. economy.
Environmental Problems 4. Republic Act 6969 (Toxic Substances, Hazardous
Environmental pollution and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990) This law
This is the introduction of any harmful substances or aims to regulate or prohibit the importation,
any form of energy into the environment which is manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and
called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural or disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the
caused by human activities. They can damage the present unreasonable risk to human health. It
quality of air, land and water. likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of
Three major types of pollution: hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal
1. Air pollution into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever
2. Land pollution purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate
3. Water pollution research and studies on toxic chemicals.
Effects of Air Pollution on Human health 5. Presidential Decree 1586 (Environmental impact
The World Health Organization considers air Statements (EIS) Statement of 1978 This is a
pollution as the major threat to human health. planning and management tool that helps the
Scientific studies also shows that air pollution linked government, decision makers, the proponents and
to variety of human health problems such as the affected community addresses the negative
respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; decrease consequences or risks on the environment.
lung function; increased susceptibility to respiratory
infections and there are also effects on the nervous
system; it may also cause cancer and premature
death.
*acid rain
*Population growth
*Deforestation