LESSON 1: THE STUDY OF free men and face the world with head held

RIZAL IN HISTORICAL AND high.

CRITICAL APPROACH
Letter of Rizal to Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
Republic Act 1425, the teaching of Jose Rizal’s life,
works, and writings is mandated also known as “Whatever our condition might be then, let us love
the Rizal Law. our country always and let us wish nothing but her
Senator Jose P. Laurel, the person who sponsored welfare. Thus we shall labor in conformity with the
the said law. purpose of humanity dictated by God which is the
harmony and universal peace of His creations”
- He said that since Rizal was the founder of
Philippine nationalism and has contributed much to Rizal's Virtues of Character
the current standing of this nation, it is only right
that the youth as well as all the people in the ● Honesty
country know about and learn to imbibe the great ● Personal Integrity
ideals for which he died. ● Patriotism
● Civic Responsibility
The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to ● Willingness to Sacrifice
accomplish the following goals: ● High Sense of Justice
● Family Solidarity
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes Rizal: A Modern Day
lived and died
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for According to Nick Joaquin, Rizal was greatly
devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino aggrieved by his physique.
character
3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through
the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings. LESSON 2: JOSE RIZAL’S
GENEALOGY AND EARLY
Other reasons for teaching the Rizal course in EDUCATION
Philippine schools:
Austin Craig accounted that Rizal’s father’s family
1. To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and began in the Philippines with a Chinaman.
teachings in relation to present conditions and
situations in the society. Domingo Lam-Co; the family’s paternal ascendant
2. To encourage the application of such ideals in was full-blooded Chinese who migrated to the
current social and personal problems and issues. Philippines from Amoy, China in the late 17 th
3. To develop an appreciation and deeper Century.
understanding of all that Rizal fought and died for.
4. To foster the development of the Filipino youth Ines de la Rosa, Domingo Lam-Co’s wife have
in all aspects of citizenship traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and some Negro.

Rizal: An example of Sacrifice Sangley, the name throughout all the

Philippines for Chinamen, signifies “traveling
 Our national hero was a man of peace with a traders”.
vision.
 Rizal suffered as much as his countrymen. Francisco Mercado Y Chinco
 He was the spark that gave birth to ● Father of Jose Rizal.
Philippine pride for one’s country and people. ● The son of prosperous landowner, sugar and rice
 Yet all he wanted for his people was that they planter, of Chinese-Filipino descent.
educate themselves so that they could stand as ● Born in Biňan and lived to be eighty
years old.
● The youngest in the family of thirteen
siblings. THE NAME
Jose Protacio Realonda Alonso Rizal
His siblings the following order: Mercado
1. Petrona
2. Gabino  Jose- was chosen by his mother who was
3. Potenciana devotee of the Christian saint San Jose
4. Leoncio (St.Joseph).
5. Tomasa  Protacio- was taken from St. Protacio, who
6. Casimiro were very properly was a martyr.
7. Basilisa  Rizal- the name was adapted in 1850 by
8. Gabriel authority of the Royal Decree of 1849, upon
9. Fausta the order of Governor Narciso Claveria. Rizal
10. Julian was a shortened form of Spanish word for
11. Cornelio “second crop,”seemed suited to a family of
12. Gregorio farmers who were making a second start in a
13. Francisco new home.
 Alonzo-old surname of his mother
● The parents of these thirteen siblings  Y-and-Realonda- it was used by Doña
were Captain Juan Mercado, who had Teodora from the surname of her godmother
been the Gobernadorcillo or Mayor of based on the culture by that time.
Biňan. And his wife, Cirala Alejandra,  Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domingo
daughter of Maria Guiňo. Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather of
Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means
● A well educated farmer with studies in ‘market’ in English
Latin and philosophy at the Colegio de
San Jose in Manila. The Siblings
● The name Francisco was a name held in high Jose was the seventh of eleven children; the
honor in Laguna for it had belonged to a famous sea younger of two boys.
captain who had been given the ENCONMIENDA
OF BAY for his services and had won the regard of 1. Saturnina Rizal- Eldest child of the
those who paid tribute to him because of his Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel
fairness and interest in their welfare. Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
2. Paciano Rizal- Only brother of Jose
Teodora Alonso Rizal and the second child. Studied at
● Mother of Jose Rizal. San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and
● Was one of the highly educated women in the later a general of the Philippine Revolution.
Philippines at that time. 3. Narcisa Rizal- The third child. Married Antonio
● Second among the children ( Narcisa, Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician.
Teodora, Gregorio, Manuel and Jose). 4. Olympia Rizal- The fourth child.
● Her parents are Mrs. Brigida de Quintos and Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887
Regina Ursua of the from childbirth.
Ursua family. 5. Lucia Rizal- The fifth child. Married
Matriano Herbosa.
- Her mother Mrs. Brigida de 6. Maria Rizal- The sixth child. Married
Quintos, is the daughter of Mr. Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
Manuel De Quintos of a well 7. Jose Rizal- The second son and the
known family in Pangasinan. seventh child. He was executed by the
Spaniards on December 30,1896.
● She was born on November 9, 1827, 8. Concepcion Rizal- The eight child.
and died on August 16, 1911 at the Died at the age of three.
advanced age of 84. 9. Josefa Rizal- The ninth child. An
epileptic, died a spinster. Does fortune new deride Thee
10. Trinidad Rizal- The tenth child. Died a When Thou art scarcely born?
spinster and the last of the family to die. Ah woe! Celestial king
11. Soledad Rizal- The youngest child married Who mortal form doesn’t keep,
Pantaleon Quintero. Woulds’t rather than be Sovereign,
Be shepherd of Thy Sheep
EARLY EDUCATION
The Inspiration of the Parable of the Moth
● Rizal had his early education in
Calamba and Biñan. The parable told that the young moth was attracted
to the flame, and thought that it could conquer it, it
The Hero’s First Teacher pushed itself to the burning flame and got burned.
The moth died a martyr in its own illusion, he truly
● The first teacher of Rizal was his thought he conquered the burning flame, but it was
mother, who was a remarkable woman not.
of good character and fine culture.
● The first was Maestro Celestino and the second, Doňa Teodora scolded Jose and told him
Maestro Lucas Padua.Later, an old man named that if he will not adhere to the advice of
Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s father, his parents or old people for that matter,
became the boy’s tutor. This old teacher lived at the he will be like the moth that burned
Rizal home and instructed Jose in Spanish and itself in the fire.
Latin. Unfortunately, he did not lived long. He died
five months later.
Galleon Trade:
The Early Religious Formation - Early Period: Before the Spanish occupation,
● At the age of 3, he began to take part in the Filipinos traded with various countries like China,
family prayers. Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo, and
● When he was five years old, he was able to read Mollucas.
haltingly the family bible. - 16th Century: The Spaniards arrived and initially
continued existing trade relations with these
The Early Religious Writings and countries.
Experiences - 16th Century: The Spanish government closed
Manila's ports to all countries except Mexico,
● Rizal’s devotion to the Mother and Son establishing the Manila-Acapulco Trade (Galleon
were further manifested when he wrote during his Trade).
Ateneo days two separate religious poems. One was - 16th - 19th Century (250 years): The Galleon
titled “Al Niňo Jesus” (To the Child Jesus), and the Trade connected the Philippines and Mexico.
other was “ A La Virgen Maria” ( To the Virgin - 1778: The Galleon Trade was a failing venture
Mary). when Jose V. Basco arrived as the first governor-
general under the Bourbon reign.
● The first poem, an Ode to Jesus, which
was written in 1875, was short and 19th Century:
considered of eight verse only, which - Late 18th Century: The shift from the Habsburg to
based on Spanish poetry standard must the Bourbon monarchy in Spain led to economic,
have influenced Rizal, may be classified political, social, and cultural reforms in the
as octava real. Philippines.
● Translated by the late Hon. Leon Ma. - 1834: Free trade was officially recognized,
Guerero. leading to the growth of the export industry and the
decline of the Galleon Trade.
To the child Jesus - 1836: The Spanish colonial government issued an
How, God-child, hast Thou come order to ensure literacy through primary schools in
To earth in cave forlorn towns.
- 1849: Governor-General Narciso Claveria issued a  While attending Ateneo, Rizal developed into a
decree mandating people to take on surnames, first-rate student. he was remembered as an
undergo registration, and possess a cedula (identity original thinker, a creative scholar and a
document). natural leader
- 1855: The Iloilo port opened, contributing to the  Ateneo years were a coming-out period for
growth of the sugar industry. Rizal. He not only became the leader of his
- 1863: A decree was enacted that mandated free fellow students, but he also took up fencing
access to modern public education for all Filipinos, and gymnastics.
making Spanish language instruction compulsory.  The most noticeable change in Rizal’s
- 1869: The Suez Canal opened on November 17th, education was his mastery of Spanish.
providing a more efficient maritime route for trade  Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
between the Philippines and Spain. remarked that he was becoming proficient in
- Late 19th Century: The export industry flourished, the language. At this point, Rizal began writing
with agricultural products like tobacco, abaca, and in Spanish. Most of his famous works were
sugar becoming the primary exports. written in that language
- Late 19th Century: The growing population of  Father Sanchez who recognized Rizal’s talent
principalia (elite) and mestizo citizens, seeking as a poet and encouraged him to practice this
social recognition, faced challenges from pure- craft.
blooded Spaniards who continued to assert their  Rizal’s student poems are impressionistic and
authority. amateurish, but they contain the seeds of his
- Throughout the 19th Century: The inquilino future nationalism. As a member of the society
system, where Chinese mestizos leased land from of Muses, Rizal enjoyed himself, but
friars, led to the acquisition of native lands through increasingly found his poems expressing a
pacto de retroventa (land sale agreements). This national theme. He could see a sense of
created a social stratification with an intermediate Philippine nationalism in writing about flowers;
mestizo class. even the early poems suggest critical voice that
castigated the Spanish for their follies.
It indicates that the galleon trade was already  Father Jose Villaclara who instructed Rizal
declining by 1778, and its eventual decline can be in the sciences and philosophy. He was a young
attributed to the rise of free trade and the opening of man who believed that Rizal was wasting his
Manila ports to other countries in 1834. time with poetry. He developed a scientific
curiosity in young Rizal that lasted until his
death.
HIS EDUCATION AND CAREER  It was Father Villaclara who convinced Rizal
to take a “scientific attitude” about life.
RIZAL’S FORMATIVE YEARS IN ATENEO Villaclara’s classes encouraged Rizal to
AND SCHOLASTIC RECORDS express his earliest national ideas. He was
determined to serve his people. That service
 they were expelled from the archipelago in would define the key elements of Philippine
1768, the order remained dormant until national feeling.
members returned  During his years in Ateneo Rizal desire to serve
 l. By 1865, Ateneo was a secondary school that as a local nationalist. Rizal write his poem
offered rigorous courses almost equivalent to “ Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
college academics. ( Through Education the Fatherland
 Ateneo was considered the finest school in the Receives Glory,” argues that education is an
Phlippines because of the rigorous intellectual integral part of the national character.
standards of the Jesuits.  Rizal would excel as a scientist, a fiction writer,
 Rizal won a special prize in poetry for “A La a nationalist and a medical doctor. All these
Javentud Filipina,” and he cultivated the would have been impossible without his early
intellectual direction which led to his education.
nationalistic writings.  Ambeth Ocampo, Filipino revisionist historian,
is a popular writer and general debunker of
 local history, suggests that Rizal was not a 3. The method of instruction at UST was obsolete
good student. he went into Ateneo archives and repressive.
and found that Rizal was an excellent student.
Rizal stood out as a student leader and a there were three main reasons for his struggling
national spokesperson, because he had the academic performance (Guerrero, 1998):
ability to talk to the average Filipino.
1. Rizal was not satisfied with the system of
COLLEGE LIFE IN UNIBERSIDAD DE education at the university.
SANTO TOMAS 2. There were plenty of things to distract a young
- This school was the only University in the man in the peak of his youth.
Philippines during the 19 th century. It was at the 3. Medicine was not Rizal's true vocation. He
University of Sto Tomas that Rizal continued to would later find out that his real calling was in the
create his vision of Philippine nationalism. arts, not in medicine.
- The Dominican school was an important
change for young Rizal. It was here that Rizal JOSE RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA
improved on the academic lessons he learned in MOVEMENT
Ateneo and placed them at the boarder historical
perspective.  In the freer atmosphere of Europe, these
émigrés--liberals exiled in 1872 and students
attending European universities--formed the
In the end, he decided to sign up for Philosophy and Propaganda Movement.
Letters during his freshman year because of the  The Propagandists, who included upper-class
following reasons: Filipinos from all the lowland Christian areas,
strove to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the
1. It was what his father would have wanted for Spaniard to the needs of our country" and to
him. create a closer, more equal association of the
2. He had failed to seek the advice of the rector of islands and the motherland.
the Ateneo, Father Ramon Pablo.
AMONG THEIR SPECIFIC GOALS WERE
As part of the course, he had to complete units in
the following subjects:  representation of the Philippines in the Cortes,
or Spanish parliament;
 Cosmology and Metaphysics  secularization of the clergy
 Theodicy  legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;
 History of Philosophy creation of a public school system independent of
the friars;
After completing his first year, Rizal decided to  abolition of the polo (labor service) and
take up medicine as his university course. This vandala (forced sale of local products to the
change of heart was due to two factors: government);
 guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and
1. Father Ramon Pablo, rector of the Ateneo, had association;
advised him to pursue the course.  equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to
2. Rizal's mother had failing eyesight and he enter government service.
thought he owed it to her to become a doctor and
cure her condition. José Rizal
 most outstanding Propagandist
There were three main factors that contributed to  a physician, scholar, scientist, and writer.
his unhappiness at the university, namely:  After several years of medical study at the
University of Santo Tomás, he went to Spain in
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him. 1882 to finish his studies at the University of
2. Filipino students suffered discrimination. Madrid.
 His greatest impact on the development of a from the friars' estate at Calamba, in Laguna
Filipino national consciousness, however, was Province.
his publication of two novels--Noli Me Tangere  In July 3, 1892 he established the Liga Filipina
(Touch me not) in 1886 and El Filibusterismo (Philippine League), designed to be a truly
(The reign of greed) in 1891. national, nonviolent organization.
 Rizal drew on his personal experiences and  The Propaganda Movement languished after
depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the Rizal's arrest and the collapse of the Liga
islands, particularly the abuses of the friars. Filipina.
 Other important Propagandists included  La Solidaridad went out of business in
Graciano Lopez Jaena, a noted orator and November 1895 and in 1896, both del Pilar and
pamphleteer who had left the islands for Spain Lopez Jaena died in Barcelona, worn down by
in 1880 after the publication of his satirical poverty and disappointment.
short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an  An attempt was made to reestablish the Liga
unflattering portrait of a provincial friar. In Filipina, but the national movement had
1889 he established a biweekly newspaper in become split between ilustrado advocates of
Barcelona, La Solidaridad (Solidarity), which reform and peaceful evolution (the
became the principal organ of the Propaganda compromisarios, or compromisers) and a
Movement, having audiences both in Spain and plebeian constituency that wanted revolution
in the islands. Its contributors included Rizal; and national independence.
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian
geographer and ethnologist whom Rizal had
met in Germany; and Marcelo del Pilar, a Rizal's career spanned two worlds:
reformminded lawyer.  Among small communities of Filipino students
 Del Pilar was active in the antifriar movement in Madrid and other European cities, he became
in the islands until obliged to flee to Spain in a leader and eloquent spokesman, and in the
1888, where he became editor of La wider world of European science and
Solidaridad and assumed leadership of the scholarship--particularly in Germany--he
Filipino community in Spain. In 1887 Rizal formed close relationships with prominent
returned briefly to the islands, but because of natural and social scientists.
the furor surrounding the appearance of Noli
Me Tangere the previous year, he was advised THE TRAVELSS OF RIZAL
by the governor to leave.  Jose Rizal left the country in May 1882 to
 He returned to Europe by way of Japan and pursue further studies abroad.
North America to complete his second novel  He enrolled in a course in medicine at the
and an edition of Antonio de Morga's Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain.
seventeenth- century work, Sucesos de las Islas  June 1883, he traveled to France to observe
Filipinas (History of the Philippine Islands). how medicine was being practice there.
 The latter project stemmed from an  After 3 months in France, Rizal returened to
ethnological interest in the cultural connections Madrid and thought about publishing books
between the peoples of the pre-Spanish that exposed the colonial relationship of spain
Philippines and those of the larger Malay ans the philippines.
region (including modern Malaysia and  This idea was realized in March 1887, with the
Indonesia) and the closely related political publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere in
objective of encouraging national pride. De Germany .
Morga provided positive information about the  Rizal was actively involved in the Propaganda
islands' early inhabitants, and reliable accounts movement, composed of Filipinos in Spain
of pre-Christian religion and social customs. who sought to direct the attention of Spaniards
 José Rizal to the concerns of the Spanish colony in the
 After a stay in Europe and Hong Kong, Rizal Philippines.
returned to the Philippines in June 26, 1892,  He wrote articles for publications in Manila
partly because the Dominicans had evicted his and abroad; convened with overseas Filipinos
father and sisters from the land they leased to discuss their duty to the country; and called
 on Spanish authorities to institute reforms in
the Philippines, such as granting freedom of the OCTOBER 1891
press and Filipino representation in the Spanish  October 3,1891 - Rizal left Ghent for Paris,
Cortes where hestayed a few days to say goodbye to
 Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887, after Lunas, the Pardo deTaveras, the Venturas, and
five years in Europe. However, his other friends
homecoming was met by the friars’ furor over  October 18,1891 - Boarded the steamer
Noli Me Tangere. Melbourne bound for Hong Kong. He brought
 The Archbishop of Manila issued an order a letter of recommendation by Juan Luna for
banning the possession and reading of the Manel Camus, a compatriot living in Singapore,
novel, an order that was later reinforced by the and 600 copies of the El Filibusterismo.
governor-general  November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong
 Six months later, pressured by the Spanish Kong
authorities as well as by his family and friends  He practice medicine, through his association
to leave the country and avoid further with Dr. Lorenz P. Marquez
persecution, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong.  Medicine Lincense
 From Hong Kong, Rizal traveled to Macau and December 1, 1891
Japan before going to America. Entering San  He wrote to his parents asking their permission
Francisco, California, in April 1888, he visited to return home.
the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska,  His brother-in-law Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent
Illinois, and New York. him a letter, relating the sad news of the
 Rizal arrived in England in May 1888. In deportation of 25 people including their father,
August, he was admitted to the British Museum, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, and Paciano.
where he copied Antonio de Morga’s massive December 23, 1891
study of the Philippines, Sucesos de las Islas  Rizal sent Governer General Eulogio Despujol
Filipinas, which Rizal later annotated for a letter of felicitation and offered his
publication “as a gift to the Filipinos.” cooperation, but the governor general did not
 In March 1891, Rizal finished writing his acknowledge Rizal's letter.
second novel, El Filibusterismo, in France.
 In September 1890, El Filibusterismo was
published in Ghent using donations from TEODORA REALONDA
Rizal’s friends. DESPAIR
 A rivalry had ensued between Rizal and del - The mother of rizal suffered from the Spanish
Pilar over the leadership of the Asociación brutality
Hispano Filipino in Spain. - Arrested for not using her surname “Realonda”
 After staying for some time in Hong Kong, Force by the cruel spanish officer to walk from
where he practiced medicine and planned to Calamba to Sta. Cruz Laguna
build a “New Calamba” by relocating landless - The Governor of Laguna pitied her and set her
Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the free.
Philippines in June 1892.
January 3, 1892
LIFE OF RIZAL IN - Rizal wrote to Blumentritt how happy and
HONG KONG peaceful his family and their Christmas celebration
were.
3 Reason Why - He also tells how he practiced as a doctor and how
Rizal Left Europe the influenza caused ravages in Europe.
 Political Differences with M.H. del Dilar Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques
and other Filipinos in Spain Mr. Boustead
 To lead the propaganda movement Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin
 To be near to the Philippines and his Don Antonia Vergel de Dios
family
RIZAL’S WRITING IN HONG KONG
 “Ang Mga Karapatan, Nang Tao” SECOND HOMECOMING AND
 “A la nacion Espanola” THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
 “Sa Mga Kababayan”
 “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” June 26, 1892
 “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de
Familes de Iles Philippines”  Rizal and Lucia arrived in Manila.
 “La Mano Roja”  Rizal went to Malacañan Palace at 4:00 pm
 “Constitution of the Liga Filipina” to seek an audience with General Despujol
 Was told to come back at 7:00 pm.
 General Despujol agreed to pardon Rizal's
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT father but not the rest of his family

 March 7, 1892 - Rizal went to Sandakan on June 27, 1892

board the ship Menon to negotiate with the  Rizal visited his friends in Malolos Bulacan,
British authorities for the establishment of a San Fernando Pampanga, Tarlac, and Bacolor
Filipino colony.  Shadowed by government spies and the friend's
 March 21, 1892 - Rizal wrote a second letter. homes are raided by the Guardia Civil and
 April 2, 1892 - Rizal's friend in Europe happily seized copies of the Noli and Fili and some
endorsed the Borneo colonization Project but "subversive pamphlets.
Rizal's brother-in-law Hidalgo, rejected it.
INTERVIEWS WITH DESPUJOL
THE DECISION TO RETURN TO  June 29 - Did not succeed in having the
MANILA penalty of exile lifted but gave hope to regard
to his sister
MAY 1892  June 30 - Talked about the Borneo Project,
The General opposed it.
The reason for returning  July 3 - Lifted the exile of his sister
1. To confer with Governor Despujol regarding the
Borneo colonization project FOUNDING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
2. To establish Liga Filipina in Manila
3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in July 3, 1892
attacking him in Madrid and to the nation's cause  Rizal attended a meeting with the patriots of
the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo on
JUNE 1892 Ylaya Street, Tondo, Mania.
- Rizal was aware that his return to the Philippines  Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga
would put his life at risk. Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos. He
- He wrote two letters that he sealed and entrusted presented the constitution of the Liga that he
with Dr. Lorenzo Cruz. had written in Hong Kong and discussed its
provisions.
June 21, 1892
- Rizal wrote the 3rd letter in Hong Kong for FOUNDING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
Governor Despujol
A. Its aims as embodied in the Constitution were
Rizal Falls into Spanish Trap the following:
- Rizal and his sister were deceived into thinking 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact
that they had a safe passage entering the country. and homogeneous body
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and
commerce.
5. Study and application of reforms.
  The Governor's decree stated the following
B. MOTTO - Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) reasons for Rizal's deportation:
1. Rizal published books and articles in foreign
Legal Branches of the league: countries that demonstrated disloyalty to Spain and
1. TheSupreme Council is the governing body and were "frankly anti-Catholic" and "imprudently anti-
has jurisdiction all over the country. Its constituents friar”
were the president, secretary, treasurer, and fiscal. 2. A few hours after he arrived in Manila, "a bundle
2. The Provincial Council oversees the well-being of handbills entitled Frailes was discovered in one
of the province. of the packages, in which the patient and humble
3. The Popular Council runs every town generosity of Filipinos was satirized, and in which
accusations were made against the religious orders'
C. Any Filipino who has the country’s best customs.
interest at heart is qualified for membership 3. El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory
- Filipinos who wish to join pay the entrance fee of of three traitors( Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora), and
2 pesos and a monthly due of 10 centavos. on the title page he wrote in defense of the Spanish
administration's vices and error.
D. The Liga members act by the following:
1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council.
2. Help in recruiting new members. RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN
3. Keep in the strictest secrecy the decisions of the
Liga authorities. - Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila on June 26, 1892
4. Have a symbolic name that he cannot change had become very sensational among the Filipinos.
until he becomes president of his council His popularity feared the Spaniards, and as such,
5. Report to the fiscal anything that he may hear payed careful attention to his every moves – all
that affects the Liga. houses where he had been were searched and the
6. Behave well as befits a good Filipino. Filipinos seen in his company were suspected. As
7. Help fellow members in all ways he had planned, on July 3, 1892 he founded the La
Founding of the Liga Filipina Liga Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in
Tondo, Manila.

RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT Four days after the civic organization's foundation,
SANTIAGO Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities
on four grounds:
July 6, 1892
 During the interview, Despujol presented 1. for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books
incriminating leaflets titled Frailes that were and articles;
allegedly discovered in Lucia's 2. for having in possession a bundle of handbills,
pillowcases(Poor Friars). the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in
 Rizal denied ownership of the leaflets and violation of the Spanish orders;
insisted on due process, which was eventually 3. for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the
denied. three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and
 Ramon Despujol arrested Rizal and led him to for emphasizing on the novel's title page that “the
Fort Santiago only salvation for the Philippines was separation
from the mother country (referring to Spain)”; and
 Gaceta de Manila published the arrest of Rizal 4. for simply criticizing the religion and aiming for
which produced commotion among Filipino its exclusion from the Filipino culture.
people, especially the members of the Liga
Filipina - From 1892 until 1896, Rizal lived in exile in
 Carried Governor General Despujol's decree Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao under the
deporting Rizal to "one of the southern Jesuits' missionary administration. It was a four-
islands." year period of boredom, yet it was also filled with a
variety of accomplishments. He practiced medicine, between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the
pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and prisoner) were warm and friendly.
literary works, widened his knowledge of languages,  House of Captain Carnicero the house Rizal
established a school forboys, promoted community used to live. Carnicero was charmed by Rizal's
development projects, invented the wooden fine qualities and personality. They ate together
machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming at the same table and had many friendly
and commerce. Even though he was involved in a conversations. Carnicero came to know that
wide range ofactivities, he maintained a close Rizal was not a common felon, much less a
relationship with his family members, relatives, filibustero. He gave good reports on his
fellowreformers, and eminent scientists and prisoner to Governor Despujol. He gave him
scholars in Europe such as Blumentritt, Reinhold complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting
Rost,A.B. Meyer, W. Joest Berlin, S. Knuttle of only once a week at his office, and permitted
Stuttgart, and NM Keihl of Prague. Rizal, who was a good equestrian, to ride his
chestnut horse.
GOVERNOR GENERAL EULOGIO  As evidence of his esteem, he wrote a poem, A
DESPUJOL Don Ricardo Carnicero, on August 26, 1892,
on the occasion of the Captain's birthday.
 On November 17, 1891, Eulogio Despujol
became governor-general of the Philippines. A RIZAL-PASTELLS DEBATE ON RELIGION
native of Cataluña, Spain, Despujol was born - In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with
on March 11, 1834 Father Pablo Pastells regarding religion. This
 It was Despujol who issued a decree on July 7, exchange of heated arguments revealed the anti-
1892, banishing Jose Rizal to Dapitan, Christian Rizal – his bitterness on the abuses
Zamboanga. The decree also prohibits the performed by friars, doing such under the name of
introduction and circulation of all the works of the sacred religion. Father Pastells tried his best to
Rizal in the Philippines. win Rizal back to the faith but fortunately or
 Eulogio Despujol ruled the Philippines until unfortunately, in vain. These series of debate ended
1893. He died on October 18, 1907. inconclusively in which neither of them convinced
the other of his judgments/arguments.
DAPITAN
- remote town in Mindanao IDYLLIC LIFE IN DAPITAN
- serve as an outpost of the Spaniards  Rizal had an idyllic life in Dapitan.
-the only witness of Rizal’s fate since July 1892  Since August 1893, members of his family took
turns in visiting him to relieve his loneliness in
July 17, 1892 - Rizal, together with his guard the isolated outpost of Spanish power in
Captain Ricardo Carnicero, arrived in Dapitan. Moroland. Among his mother; sisters Trinidad,
Maria, Narcisa; and nephews Teodosio,
Fr. Pablo Pastells and Fr. Antonio Obach Estanislao,Mauricio,and Prudencio.
• Rizal was given the choice to live in the house of  Rizal built his house by the seashore of Talisay
the parish priest, Fr. Antonio Obach or at surrounded by fruit trees. He also had another
Carnicero's house house for his school boys and a hospital for his
patients.
He could live in the priest's quarters only if:  Rizal described his life in Dapitan and wrote to
- he publicly retracted his Masonic and anti church Blumentritt on December 19, 1893.
beliefs
- he regularly participate in church rites RIZAL’S ENCOUNTER WITH THE FRIAR’S
- he conduct himself as a good Spanish subject and SPY
a man of religion  On November 3, 1893, Rizal’s blissful life was
 Rizal did not agree with these conditions. suddenly jolted by a strange incident involving
Consequently, he lived in the house of the a spy of friars. The spy who posed as a relative
commandant, Captain Carnicero. The relations and secretly visited
 Rizal at his house had an initials of P.M. and  On November 20, 1896, the preliminary
was assumed to be Pablo Mercado. investigation on Rizal began. Rizal as the
 The strange visitor offered his services as a accused appeared before judge advocate,
confidential courier of Rizal’s letters Colonel Francisco Olive.
andwritings for the patriots in Manila. Rizal  He was subjected to a 5 day investigation.
was suspicious of the stranger’s lies, so he then  Rizal was informed about his charges and was
decided to send him away the next day. given the chance to answer the questions
 The next day, Rizal learned that the impostor theyhave on him though he was never
was still roaming around Dapitan telling people permitted to confront those people who
that he is a relative of Rizal. Rizal reported the testified against him.
incident to Captain Juan Sitges resulting to the  Two evidences were presented against Rizal:
arrest of the stranger who turns out to be Documentary and Testimonial
Florencio Nanaman,
 Florenco Nanaman was hired by the Recollect DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCES:
friars to collect information about Rizal’s - includes letters which allegedly implicate Rizal in
activities, and to filch certain writings of Rizal the Propaganda Movement, several transcripts of
which might incriminate him in the speech wherein his name was used by the
revolutionary movement. Katipunan, as well as several of his poems which
were highly nationalistic innature.
AS PHYSICIAN IN DAPITAN
 Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan, helping 1. A letter from Antonio to Mariano Ponce,
the poor and giving them free medicine. datedMadrid, October 16, 1888, showing
 August 1893, his mother and sister arrived in Rizal’sconnection with the Filipino reform
Dapitan and lived with him for a year. Hethen campaign in Spain.
successfully operated his mother’s right eye. 2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid,
 Rizal’s fame as a physician, particularly an eye August 20,1890, stating that the deportations are
specialist, spread far and wide. He had patients good for they will encourage the people to hate
from around the Philippines and other countries. tyranny.
 He also got interested in local medicine and the 3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar toDeodato
use of medicinal plants. He studied the Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7,
medicinal plants of the Philippines and their 1889,implicating Rizal in the propaganda
curative values. movement campaign in Spain.
4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by
ADIOS, DAPITAN Rizal in Manila on September 12, 18915.
5. A letter from Carlos Oliver to an
 July 31, 1896, Rizal’s four year exile in unidentifiedperson, dated Barcelona, September 18,
Dapitan came to an end. At midnight of 1891,describing Rizal as the man to free the
thatdate, he sailed on the steamer Espana. He Philippines from Spanish oppression.
was accompanied by Josephine,
Narcisa,Angelica, (Narcisa’s daughter), his TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCES
three nephews and six pupils. Almost everyone Martin Constantino
in Dapitan wove him goodbye. His farewell Aguedo del Rosario
was so melancholic that the town brass band Jose Reyes
strangely played Funeral of March of Chopin. Moises Salvador
 As the steamer sailed to the sea, Rizal gazed at Jose Dizon
Dapitan and waved farewell to the kind and
hospitable folks in Dapitan. He sadly went to November 26. 1896
his cabin and wrote in his diary; “I have been in 1. after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive
that distinct four years, thirteen days, and a few transmitted the records of the case to Governor
hours” Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to institute
RIZAL’S TRIAL AND EXECUTION the corresponding action against Rizal
2. The ONLY RIGHTgiven to Rizal by the Spanish
authorities was to choose his defense counsel. December 30, 1896
3. Rizal chose Lt. Taviel de Andrade be his defense, at 5:30 am, Rizal took his last meal. According to
he wasthe brother of Jose Taviel de stories told to Narcisa by Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade,Rizal’s previous “bodyguard”in Calamba Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the corner of a
in 1887 cell for the "poor rats," "Let them have their fiesta
too."
 December 11, 1896 Teary-eyed Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal
the information of charges was formally read to came. According to the testimony of the agent of
Rizal in his prison cell, with his counsel present the Cuerpo de Vigilancia, Josephine and Rizal were
married. Josephine was gifted by Rizal with the
Charges to the Accused: classic Thomas á Kempis book Imitations of Christ
“ the principal organizer and the living soul of the in which he inscribed, "To my dear and unhappy
Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies, wife, Josephine, They embraced for the last time.
periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and  at 6:30 am, Death march from Fort Santiago to
propagating ideas of rebellion” Bagumbayan begins. 4 soldiers with bayoneted
rifles lead the procession followed by Rizal,
December 15, 1896 Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara and other
Rizal wrote the Manifesto to his people in his soldiers. They passed by the Intramuros plaza,
prison cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to them to then turned right to the Postigo gate then left at
stop the necessary shedding of blood and to inform Malecon, the bayside road now known as
the people that he condemned the rebellion because Bonifacio Drive.
he wanted their liberties to be attained through at 7:00 AM: Rizal, after arriving on the execution
education and industry site at the Luneta de Bagumbayan, was checked
with his pulse by Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo. It was
December 25, 1896 perfectly normal. Rizal once wrote, "I wish to show
a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on those who deny us patriotism that we know how to
earth, was the saddest in Rizal’s life. die for our duty and our convictions."
 Rizal shouted “ Consummatum est”
December 26, 1896  With the captain shouting "Fuego!" Shouts
at 8:00 am, the court-martial of Rizal started in the rang out from the guns of eight indio soldiers.
military building called Cuartel de Espana. On the Rizal, being a convicted criminal was not
same day, the court-martial secretly and facing the firing squad. As he was hit, he resists
unanimously voted for a guilty verdict with the and turns himself to face his executors. He falls
penalty of death before firing squad. down, and dies facing the sky.
 Narcisa, after a long search, discovered where
December 28, 1896 her brother's body was secretly buried, at the
Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja, approved the old unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the
decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to guards to place a marble plaque designed by
be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30 at Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal's initials
Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) in reverse-"RPJ."

December 29, 1896

at 6 a.m., Capt. Rafael Dominguez read before
Rizal his death sentence. His execution was
scheduled the following day.
- at 12:00-3:30 pm, Rizal’s time alone in his cell.
He had lunch, wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas
which he wrote in his flowing handwriting in a very
small piece of paper. The untitled poem was later
known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell).