Statistics for Pre-Dentistry Students Class ( )

1 By: A. Atteya

Multiplicative Rule:
+ For any two events A and B, we have:



Independent Events
+ The events A and B are said to be independent if either:
P(B|A) = P(B) Or P(A|B) = P(A)
Therefore


Otherwise, A and B are Dependent.
+
A fair coin is tossed three times. If A is the event that a head
occurs on each of the first two tosses, B is the event that a tail
occurs on the third toss, and C is the event that exactly two tails
occur in the tree tosses, show that:
1- Events A and B are independent;
2- Events B and C are dependent.
+
= { , , , , , , , }
= { , } , = { , , , } , = { , , }
= {} , = { , }
=
1
4
, =
1
2
, =
3
8
, =
1
8
, =
1
4

1 =
1
4

1
2
=
1
8
=
2 =
1
2

3
8
=
3
16

1
4
=
) B ( P ) A ( P ) B A ( P =

) | ( ) (
) | ( ) ( ) (
B A P B P
A B P A P B A P
=
=


A , B
) (
) (
) / (
B P
B A P
B A P

=

Statistics for Pre-Dentistry Students Class ( )

2 By: A. Atteya

Permutations
+ The total number of permutations (different arrangements) of r objects
selected from n different objects taken one at a time.

=
!
!
=

; ! = ! =

+
If we have a book shelve, that may retain up to 5 books, on which we
need to put 2 different books. How many arrangements are available?
+

=
5!
(52)!
=
543!
3!
= 20 Possible arrangements



Combinations
+ The total number of combinations (different choices) of r objects
selected from n different objects taken r at a time.

Where:
)! r n ( ! r
! n
C
r
n
r
n

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|


+
If we have 10 equal-priority operations and only 4 operating rooms, in
how many ways can we choose the 4 patients to be operated on first?
+
210
1 2 3 4
7 8 9 10
! 6 ! 4
! 6 7 8 9 10
)! 4 10 ( ! 4
! 10
4
10
=


=

=

= C
Possible Choices

r
n
C
or
|
|
.
|

\
|
r
n

Statistics for Pre-Dentistry Students Class ( )

3 By: A. Atteya

E
E
x
x
e
e
r
r
c
c
i
i
s
s
e
e
s
s
1- A student is to answer 7 out of 10 questions, how many choices has he if he
must answer only 3 of the first five questions?

2- A student is to answer 7 out of 10 questions, how many choices has he if he
must answer at least 3 of the first five questions?