RAMP AND TRANSIT – ATA 104 LEVEL II
ELECTRICAL POWER
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EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY
Rev. 01
RAMP AND TRANSIT
MAIN AC GENERATION
ENGINE GENERATORS
The aircraft electrical system is supplied by two engine driven GENerators regulated in speed by integrated drives.
GEN 1 is driven by engine 1.
GEN 2 is driven by engine 2.
Engine generators characteristics are:
- 115/200 volts, three phase,
- 400 Hz,
- 90 kVA.
APU GENERATOR
A third AC generator driven by the APU can replace one or both main engine generators throughout the flight envelope.
APU GEN characteristics are:
- 115/200 volts, three phase,
- 400 Hz,
- 90 kVA.
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EXTERNAL POWER
A ground EXTernal PoWeR connector enables all bus bars to be supplied.
External power characteristics are:
- 115/200 volts, three phase,
- 400 Hz,
- 90 kVA minimum.
EMERGENCY GENERATOR
An AC EMERgency GEN is driven by the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) hydraulic circuit. It automatically provides emergency power
in case of failure of all main aircraft generators. Emergency generator characteristics are:
- 115/200 volts, three phase,
- 400 Hz,
- 5 kVA.
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AC TRANSFER
The AC transfer circuit enables AC BUS to be supplied by any generator or external power, via the Bus Tie Contactors
(BTCs).
Generators are never connected in parallel on the same bus. The two normal buses (AC BUS 1 & AC BUS 2) are supplied
by the available suppliers in the following priority:
- 1: onside generator (IDG),
- 2: external Power,
- 3: APU GEN,
- 4: offside generator.
AC DISTRIBUTION
AC BUS 1/2
Each engine generator supplies its related AC BUS.
AC ESS BUS
The AC ESSential BUS is normally supplied by AC BUS 1 or by AC
BUS 2 if AC BUS 1 fails.
AC ESS SHED BUS
The AC ESS SHEDdable BUS is supplied by the AC ESS BUS.
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115/26V AUTO TRANSFORMER
A 115 volts to 26 volts single-phase autotransformer supplying a normal 26 volts 400 hertz sub-busbar is connected to
each main busbar
and to the AC ESS BUS.
DC GENERATION
DC generation is accomplished by Transformer Rectifiers (TRs) 1 and 2. All TR characteristics are:
- maximum output of 200 A,
- 28V DC.
One essential TR unit replaces a faulty main TR to power the DC ESS BUS.
DC DISTRIBUTION
DC BUS 1/2
DC BUS 1 and DC BUS 2 are supplied by their related TR.
DC BAT BUS
The DC BATtery BUS is supplied by DC BUS 1 or by DC BUS 2 if DC BUS 1 fails. Batteries can also supply the DC BAT BUS.
DC ESS BUS
The DC ESS BUS is supplied by the DC BAT BUS. In an emergency, it is supplied either by battery 2 or by the essential TR.
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DC ESS SHED BUS
The DC ESS SHED BUS is supplied by the DC ESS BUS.
BATTERIES
Two batteries can be connected to the DC BAT BUS. Each battery has its own bus, HOT BUS 1 and HOT BUS 2. They are
permanently supplied. The battery capacity is 23 Ah with a nominal voltage of 24V DC.
STATIC INVERTER
On batteries only, the STATic INVerter connected to battery 1 supplies the AC STAT INV BUS.
Static inverter characteristics are:
- 115 volts, single phase,
- 400 Hz.
GROUND/FLIGHT BUSES
AC and DC GrouND/FLighT BUSes are normally supplied by the aircraft network, or directly by the external power unit,
upstream of the External Power Contactor (EPC), without energizing the whole aircraft network.
GALLEYS
The main and secondary electrical circuits of the galleys are supplied by AC BUS 1 and 2. The main electrical circuits are
shed in single generator operation.
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MAIN ELEC CONFIGURATIONS
GROUND SUPPLY
On ground, the complete circuit may be supplied by the external power unit or by the APU generator.
NORMAL FLIGHT CONFIGURATION
In normal flight configuration, each generator supplies its own distribution network via its Generator Line Contactor (GLC).
The two generators are never electrically coupled.
GROUND SERVICES
For ground service only, the AC and the DC GND FLT BUSes can be supplied independently from the normal circuit.
.
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GENERAL
There are two identical engine driven generators called Integrated Drive Generators (IDGs). They are used as the main
power source to supply the A/C electrical network.
The IDG basically contains, in a common housing, a generator and a Constant Speed Drive (CSD). The CSD gives a
constant input speed to the generator, which is required for a constant output frequency.
Each generator supplies 115V 400Hz AC to its own bus:
- generator 1 supplies AC bus 1,
- generator 2 supplies AC bus 2
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MAINTENANCE TIPS
It must be mentioned here that the most typical reason for IDG failures
are due to over servicing. You must pay particular attention to the level
of the oil in the sight glass.
When servicing, leave the drain hose attached until only a couple of drops come out.
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GCU D/O
GENERAL
The Generator Control Unit (GCU) has four different functions:
- voltage regulation,
- generator control and protection of the network and generator,
- control of the various indications and warnings,
- system self-monitoring and test.
The GCU is supplied by the Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG). The
GCU is also supplied by the A/C network (back-up supply)
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VOLTAGE REGULATION
The voltage regulation is achieved by regulating the generator excitation
current. It also supplies the exciter field through the Generator Control
Relay (GCR), which is normally closed, and through a rectifier. When
the generator starts running, the PMG supplies the GCU. The exciter
field current is reduced inside the GCU until 335 Hz is obtained. As the
PMG frequency is below the threshold, the generator excitation is reduced
through the excitation control module.
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INDICATIONS AND WARNINGS
IDG indications and warnings are computed by the GCU. The warnings
and indications triggered are:
- generator FAULT amber warning light with ECAM activation,
- GALleY FAULT amber warning light with ECAM activation,
- IDG FAULT amber warning light with ECAM activation.
The GCU also processes the following indications: generator load,
frequency, IDG oil temperature and low pressure, which are also displayed
on the ECAM system.
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AC AUXILIARY GENERATION GENERAL DESCRIPTION
APU GENERATOR
The APU generator is not interchangeable with the Integrated Drive Generators (IDGs). It is driven at a constant speed by
the APU and can be connected to the electrical network in flight in case of any generator failure. It can supply the entire
electrical network if no other power sources are available.
APU GENERATOR CONTROL
The main functions of the APU Generator Control Unit (GCU) are:
- voltage regulation,
- network control and protection,
- interface with System Data Acquisition Concentrators (SDACs),
- BITE function.
The BITE messages are sent to the Centralized Fault Display Interface
Unit (CFDIU).
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CONTROL, INDICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
The APU generator is controlled by a P/B located on the ELECtrical panel and has two lights: white OFF and amber FAULT.
The APU generator is connected to the network via the APU Generator Line Contactor (GLC) and the Bus Tie Contactors
(BTCs).
APU GEN OIL TEMPERATURE SENSOR
A temperature sensor is located on the APU generator oil outlet. A high oil temperature leads to an immediate automatic
shut down of the APU via the Electronic Control Box (ECB).
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EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY
The aircraft network can be supplied by a Ground Power Unit (GPU) connected to the external power
receptacle located forward of the nose landing gear well.
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EXTERNAL POWER CONTROL
NORMAL PARAMETERS
If the external power parameters are correct, the indicator lights on
the external power receptacle and the EXTernal PoWeR AVAILable
light on the cockpit overhead panel come on. The ground power
parameters are monitored by the Ground Power Control Unit (GPCU)
which activates the indicator lights. With such indications the ground
cart can supply the aircraft network. As soon as the EXT PWR P/B
is pressed-in, the GPCU closes the External Power Contactor (EPC)
to supply the aircraft electrical network.
ABNORMAL PARAMETERS
If any external power parameter is not correct, the indicator lights
stay off. The external power cannot be connected to the aircraft
network. The detection of a GPCU fault causes the EPC to open.
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EGIU INTERFACES
PRESENTATION
The function of the Electrical Generation Interface Unit (EGIU) is to convert analog and discrete signals from the
Generator Control Unit (GCU) and Ground Power Control Unit (GPCU) into ARINC 429 data.
Two identical EGIUs are used. Each one consists of two isolated channels:
- channel 1 is allocated to the Integrated Drive Generator (IDG) 1 or IDG 2,
- channel 2 is allocated to the APU generator or external power.
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GCU/GPCU
The Ground Power Control Unit (GPCU) is the interface between the Generator Control
Units (GCUs) and the Centralized Fault Display Interface Unit (CFDIU). The GPCU receives
the fault information from the GCUs, compiles them with its own failures and transmits
them to the CFDIU. The GPCU receives hexadecimal coded fault information through RS
422 data links and transmits a failure list in clear language.
GPCU/CFDS
The GPCU transmits the fault message in clear english language to the CFDIU by an ARINC
429 output bus. The maintenance test can be performed only on ground with engines shut
down. It is initiated either:
- automatically at each GPCU power-up,
- or manually from the MCDU.
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BATTERY SYSTEM D/O
GENERAL
The battery system is composed of two batteries, which are mainly used to start the APU and supply AC and DC essential
Network in emergency configuration. Each battery is associated to one Battery Charge Limiter (BCL). The BCL ensures
battery charge and battery protection by controlling the battery contactor.
BATTERY DESCRIPTION
The two batteries are identical and interchangeable. Each battery is ventilated by two ducts. The differential pressure
between the cabin and the outside is used to provide battery ventilation. Each battery has 20 Nickel-Cadmium cells in a
stainless steel case. Each battery has a nominal voltage of 24V DC and a nominal capacity of 23 Ah.
BATTERY CONTROL
Each battery is associated to a BCL, which is controlled by the corresponding BATtery P/BSW. When the BAT P/BSW is
pressed-in (AUTO position), the BCL controls the battery coupling/uncoupling. When released-out, the battery is
uncoupled from the network and the white OFF light comes on. NOTE: In flight, in normal configuration, the batteries are
uncoupled from the network.
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INDICATING/MONITORING
Battery parameters such as voltage and current are displayed by the
ECAM. Warnings also appears on the ECAM. The voltmeters, located
on the main ELECtrical control panel, give battery voltage indication
(HOT BUS) even in cold aircraft configuration. The BCLs monitor the
charge of the batteries. In the event of battery thermal runaway or internal
short-circuit, the battery is isolated, the amber FAULT light comes on
and the ECAM system is activated. System failures and BITE data are
sent to the Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS).
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