Zahraa M.

Ghanem

ID: 113052

Chemical yr. 2

Dyes
Introduction:
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light more than others.

Dyes consist of two important parts:

1. Chromophor 2. Xochrome Chromophor is part which is responsible of the color as it absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and reflects the others. There are two types of chromophor: Conjugated pi-bond system chromophores Metal complex chromophores Xochrome is the part which enhances the conjugated system and so that it enhances the color of the dye

Types of dyes: 1. Reactive Dyes:

In a reactive dye a chromophore contains a substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react to the surface of the substrate. Reactive dyes have good fastness properties owing to the bonding that occurs during dyeing. The dyes contain a reactive group (often trichlorotriazine), either a haloheterocycle or an activated double bond, that, when applied to a fiber in an alkaline dye bath, forms a chemical bond with an hydroxyl group on the cellulosic fibre.

R = Chromophore Cell = Cellulose

Zahraa M. Ghanem

ID: 113052

Chemical yr. 2

And trichlorotriazine:

Reactive dyeing is now the most important method for the coloration of cellulosic fibres. Reactive dyes can also be applied on wool and nylon; in the latter case they are applied under weakly acidic conditions. Reactive dyes have a low utilization degree compared to other types of dyestuff, since the functional group also bonds to water, creating hydrolysis. Reactive dyes are categorized by functional group

2. Azoic dyes
Azoic Dyes are also called as Azoic or Nepthol Dyes. These AZO Dyes consist of a group called AZO group having two nitrogen atoms and this group (covalent bond) connects atomic ring compounds. The two Nitrogen atoms are bonded with each other and form -N=N- as part of their molecular structure. Azoic Dyes are found mainly in three colors and these are red, brown and yellow. Aromatic amines are the chemicals from which these dyes are manufactured. Classification of Nepthol Dyes Azoic Dyes are classified either according to the fibers for which these can be used economically or the methods by which these dyes are applied. Formation of Azoic Dyes These dyes cannot be applied directly on the fibers as dyes. Actually, these dyes are produced within the fibers itself. For this production, first the fiber is impregnated with one component of these dyes and then the fiber is treated in another component of these dyes. In this way the AZO dyes are formed. This specialty makes these dyes very fast to washing within the fabric market. When these dyes are used upon the cellulose fabric then initially this fabric starts to suffer from poor rub fastness. This is due to the deposition of the free pigments on the surface of the fabric. This problem can be rectified by boiling the fabric in soap. Azoic Dyeing Process AZO Dyeing Process is such a process in which the insoluble azoic dye is produced on the or within the fiber. By treating a fiber with diazoic and coupling components, this process can be achieved. After adjusting the dye bath conditions appropriately, the two above mentioned components react. From this reaction the required insoluble AZO dye is produced. This is a unique technique. The required color can be changed by altering of the diazoic and coupling components

Zahraa M. Ghanem

ID: 113052

Chemical yr. 2

Reference: http://sourcing.indiamart.com/engineering/industrial-supplies/chemical-anddyes/azoic-or-naphthol-dyes/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_dye http://www.morechemistry.com/publ/colours_dyes/slide094.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye