Reflection : Chapter 4: Protein. In this chapter , there are six learning outcome that I must master.

The first learning outcome

is I should state what is the classes of amino acid. From the lecture, I had know that there are three method to classify the amino acid. Amino acid is the building block of protein. The three method are due to their capacity to interact with water, due to the ability to be synthesize by human body and due to the their end product after catabolism. From the lecture given I can understand about the first two method but a bit confuse about the third method. The second learning outcome is I should be able to list the function of an amino acid. From the lecture given amino acid important in build, synthesize, and facilitate oxidation in all the body system .They play critical role in human metabolism, because they are one of the chief constituent of cell protoplasm. In this lecture, I had learned about two type of metabolism which are anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the build up of complex molecule from the simplest one, while catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecule to the smaller molecule. The third learning outcome is student should able to describe the flow of nitrogen cycle. During the lecture given I felt bit confuse and cannot understand this subtopic, but after did some discussion with my friend I had knew it. There are five process in nitrogen cycle which are nitrogen fixation, amonification, nitrification, assimilation and denitrification. I enjoyed during learned this subtopic. The fourth learning outcome is student should be able to explain about the anabolism of amino acid. Amino acid can be synthesize in three ways which are through direct incorporation of ammonium ion into organic molecule, through transamination reaction and intermediate metabolism. Essential amino acid must take from diet because our body cannot synthesize it. In this chapter we also should be able to explain the catabolism of amino acid. Catabolism of amino acid involve the deamination and transamination process. Beside that the removal of one and two of nitrogen. During the lecture given I cannot understand well because it something new for me. The last learning outcome is student should be able to explain about the urea cycle. Urea cycle is a process that occur in hepatocyte and to incorporate N into urea in a multiple procedure. They are three form of excreation in our life which are through the ammonia(aquatic plant), urea(terrestrial animal) and uric acid(birds). In conclusion I felt enjoyed and excited during learned this topic. This is because I had learned many new things that I had never learn before. I hope for the next topic there will be more interesting and fun.

Reflection : Chapter 5 : Enzyme In this chapter there are six learning outcome that I must master. The first learning outcome is student should be able to state the properties of enzyme. During the lecture given I felt so excited because the lecture use simple approach for us to understand this subtopic. She gave us an interesting example and we can list out the properties of enzyme easily. The enzyme properties are they are biocatalyst, produce by living cell, they lower the activation energy and they participate in reaction but reamin unchanged at the end of reaction. The second learning outcome is how enzyme are classify. From the lecture given I had know that enzyme can be classify through the IUB(International Union of Biochemistry), oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, ligase, lysase and isomerase process. During the lecture given I felt bit confuse about all this term. But after do some reading I can differentiate between them. The third learning outcome is student should be able to define what is enzyme kinematics. From the lecture, I had know that the enzyme kinematic is the study of enzyme reaction rate. There are several factor that affecting the reaction velocity which are pH, substrate concentration, and temperature. I had no problem to remember all these because I had learned before. Next learning outcome is student should be able to explain the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics. In this subtopic student should be able to plot the graph of michaelis-menten. Student also can use the equation given and know how to find the Km. The graph is velocity against substrate concentration. The Km value can take from the graph. Beside that in this chapter student also should be able to explain the Lineweaver Burk Plot. The Lineweaver Burk are plotted from linear form of michaelis menten equation. The graph is 1/velocity against 1/substrate concentration. I felt a bit difficult when learn this subtopic because it something new for me. The last subtopic in this chapter is the enzyme inhibition. From the lecture given I had know that enzyme inhibitor can be divided into two which are reversible and irreversible. Reversible inhibitor bind non covalently at the active site while irreversible inhibitor bind covalently at the active site. Reversible enzyme inhibitor can be divided into two which are competitive and non competitive. Inhibitor block the enzyme substrate reaction. In conclusion, this chapter are easy to understand because I had learned before this. But there are a few subtopic that I need to focus more because it new for me. However I felt enjoyed during learn this chapter.

Reflection Chapter 6 : Carbohydrate. In this chapter I had learned about the carbohydrate metabolism. There are three learning outcome that I need to master in this chapter. The learning outcome are student should be explain the glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis, explain the glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis and explain the pentose phosphate pathway. Firstly I felt bit confuse about all of these term because it sound similarly. But after the lecture I can differentitate it. There are several function of carbohydrate which are structural component, main source energy, the mediator for intercellular communication and the cell membrane component. Carbohydrate can be classify through the number of sugar unit, the location of C=O, the number of carbon in a chain and lastly through the stereochemistry structural. From the lecture I also had learned about the type of carbohydrate which are monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. Although I had learned before but sometimes I forget it. In this chapter we also refresh about the glycolysis, Kreb cycle and the Electron Transport Chain process. In this chapter we had learned about the gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is the process where glucose is synthesize from the other substance. This process occur at liver. The purpose of this process is to maintain the blood glucose level in our body. It involve several type of substrate. Before this I only know about the glycolysis which is the breakdown of glucose. Beside that we also learned about the glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glycogenesis is the process where glycogen is produce from glucose. It occur at liver and muscle cell. It occur when the blood glucose level in blood is increase. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glucogen to glucose. It occur in liver. Glycogenolysis occur when the blood glucose level is decrease. I felt excited during learned this topic because it easy actually but the term make us felt difficult. The last subtopic in this chapter is about the pentose phosphate pathway. The function of this pathway are to produce NADPH and Ribose 5-P. There are two step in this pathway which are covert glucose 6-P to 6-phosphogluconate and Ribose 5-P coverted into glycolytic intermediate. In this subtopic I cannot understand well. This is because I never learned it before. But I will do some reading to learned more about this subtopic. In conclusion, glycolysis,gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis are related among each other. I like to learn this topic because I had learned many new term. I felt enjoyed with that.

Reflection : Chapter 7: Lipid. This chapter is all about the lipid. I felt headache when learn this topic. This is because it new and I had never learn before. In this topic I need to master six subtopic which are able to state the classes of lipid, should be explain what is saponification, explain the fatty acid degradation in -oxidation, explain fatty acid biosynthesis using palmitate as an example, explain the synthesis of cholesterol, and explain the transportation of lipid in blood. In this topic, during the lecture class I had learned there are six classes of lipid which are fatty acid, triacyglycerols, phospholipid, sphingolipid, isoprenoid and wax esters. I felt wonder because before this I only learned about fatty acid, triacyglycerol, phospholipid and wax ester. The other two are new for me. Beside that I also learned about the saponification. Saponification is a chemical reaction that occur when a vegetable oil or animal fat is mixed with a strong alkali. The product of the reaction are soap, glycerin and water. Fatty acid in our body must be degrade. This is because we need lipid as the main source of energy. In this lecture we had learned about the fatty acid degradation in -oxidation. There are four main process in -oxidation which are oxidation, hydration, second oxidation and thiolysis. The product of this reaction are 1FADH2,1NADH2,1 acyl coA, and 1 acetyl coA for one cycle. I felt excited during learned this subtopic even though a bit difficult. In this lecture I also learned about the fatty acid biosynthesis. Usually excess glucose in our body will be converted into fatty acid. The synthesis of glucose to fatty acid will produce palmitate. There are six step in fatty acid biosynthesis which are priming the system by acetylcoA, ACP-malonyltransferas reaction, condensation, first reduction, dehydration and second reduction for one cycle. During the lecture I had confuse about this process, this is because too many things need to remember. But after do some reading I can understand it. Beside that in this lecture I also learned about the synthesis of cholesterol. Cholesterol are important in component of membrane, the precursor of bile salt and the precursor of steroid hormone. The synthesis of cholesterol occur in liver, intestine, adrenal cortex and reproductive tissues through the de novo biosynthesis. It take place in cytoplasm outside the mitochondria. This reaction need NADPH as reducing agent and ATP. Lastly I also learned about the transportation of lipid in blood. Lipid transportation involve some lipoprotein such as VLDL,LDL,HDL and chylomicron. The transport fatty acid will be oxidize as fuel or store as triacyglyceride. In conclusion I like this topic because it tells me what happen to our fatty acid in our body. It is very interesting even though I need to remember too many new terms.

Reflection Chapter 8: Aerobic metabolism. This chapter is study about how the ATP can be produce. In this chapter I had study about the function of electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. There are some term that I need to understand to master this chapter such as substrate level phosphorylation, intermediate, reduced electron carrier and oxidized electron carrier. Before learned about electron transport chain we must know about the Kreb cycle and glycolysis process. Both process produced NADH and FADH which act as carrier of electron that will be use in electro transport chain. I had no difficulty to learn this chapter because I had learned it before. Electron transport chain is a process whereby a large number of ATP produce. It occur at inner membrane of mitochondria. Electron transport chain involve some protein complex and enzyme. The result of electron transport chain is the chemoosmotic theory where ATP was produce. We also learned about the different of electron transport chain in prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. Beside that we also learned how to calculate the number of ATP produce from each process. Through malate-aspartate shuttle and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle number of ATP produce will be different. Malate-aspartate shuttle will produce 38 ATP will glycerol-3phosphate shuttle will produce 36 ATP.