Watermarking trn m thanh s bng k thut tri ph kt hp m hnh h thnh gic

Audio Watermarking Using Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory
L Hoi Bc, Nguyn Ngc H, Lu Khoa, L Th Hong Ngn

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new digital audio watermarking algorithm. It is based on the spread spectrum theory of CDMA technology associated with psychoacoustic auditory model. The first one generates a watermark resistant to different removal attacks and the other shapes and embeds the watermark into the audio signal while retaining perceptual quality of the signals. In this method, the extraction process doesnt need original signals.

xut giy pht trin Fabriano . Trc s cnh tranh khc lit ca hn 40 xng sn xut cng nhiu th th cng mi giy, Watermark c a vo sn phm ca tng xng gip khch hng phn bit c nh dng, cht lng, gi c ca tng loi. II. WATERMARKING TRN M THANH S 1. Gii thiu Cc k thut Watermarking trn m thanh s hin nay ch yu khai thc khuyt im ca h thnh gic ngi (Human Auditory System - HAS) l c tnh t nhy cm vi nhng thay i nh trn min thi gian v min tn s. Tewfik v Hamdy [3] phn tch cc phng php n d liu trong tn hiu m thanh s tiu biu l: m ha LSB, m ha pha, tri ph, n echo. Cc k thut LSB tuy khng bn vng, nhng kh nng lu tr ln. M ha pha bn vng trc cc thao tc ly mu li, kh nng lu tr thp. Bng cch chn cc echo c bin nh vo min thi gian, phng php n echo c nh gi cao v kh nng bn vng v t l nhng, tuy nhin kh nng trong sut km. c nh gi cao hn c l k thut chuyn i thng tin vi hai hng tip cn chnh l k thut tri ph v iu bin ch mc lng t. u im quan trng em li thnh cng cho hng pht trin ny l khng s dng tn hiu gc trong qu trnh rt trch v kh c th d tm Watermark bng cc phng php phn tch thng k. Tuy nhin lng t ha khng em li hiu qu cao do kh nng chng tn cng thp. Hin nay, tri ph ang l k thut

I. GII THIU Ngy nay, bn cnh nhng ch li to ln do Internet mang li, th nhng hnh vi xm phm bn quyn nh gi mo, n cp tc phm, s dng cc tc phm khng c bn quyn, ang tr nn ph bin v ngy cng tinh vi. Theo kt qu thng k ca Hip hi bo v tc quyn th gii (International Intellectual Property Alliance - gi tt l IIPA), mi nm ngnh cng nghip gii tr ni chung v m nhc ni ring tht thot hng ngn t -la.Cc nc ang pht trin c t l vi phm bn quyn rt cao (trn 90%), trong Vit Nam dn u (vi 92% [1]). Tuy nhin vi cc phng php bo v d liu truyn thng nh m ho, s dng kha u khng em li hiu qu cao trong tnh hnh hin nay. So vi cc loi truyn thng a phng tin khc, m thanh s l dng d liu rt kh bo v bi c tnh thu pht trc tip. Trong bi cnh , k thut Watermarking ra i nh mt cu cnh. Thc cht vai tr ca Watermarking c bit n t nhng nm 1292 khi ngnh cng nghip sn

c nh gi cao, c nghin cu tp trung pht trin, v ci tin. 2. Yu cu ca mt bi ton Watermarking trn m thanh s Mt thut ton Watermarking ni chung phi tho mt s tiu ch: Kh nng lu tr: dung lng thng tin c n, tnh cht ny ph thuc vo thut ton nhng v kch thc i tng cha. Tnh bo mt: kha Watermark phi c pht sinh mt cch b mt, ch ngi s hu mi c quyn truy cp. Tnh bn vng: kh nng chng chu tn cng ca Watermark. Kh nng trong sut: kh nng che y s tn ti ca tn hiu c nhng (Watermark) trn tn hiu gc trc cc cm nhn ca ngi dng thng qua 2 c quan thnh gic (i vi m thanh) hoc th gic (i vi nh). Mt vi tnh cht khc cn xem xt khi xy dng h thng Watermarking bao gm: thi gian thc, kh nng khi phc, kh nng trong sut .

C kh nng dng chung bng tn vi ngi s dng khc. S dng c cho thng tin v tinh ch CDMA. m bo tnh ring t nh s dng cc m tri ph gi ngu nhin. c php hot ng khng cn giy php ba lnh vc l: cng nghip, khoa hc, y t vi cng sut n 1W cc bng tn: 902-928 MHz, 2.42.4835GHz, 5.725-5.85 GHz. 3. Chui gi ngu nhin ( PN) Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng ta tp m c to ra bng cc chui gi ngu nhin (PN- Pseudo Noise). Cc chui ny phi c to ra theo mt quy lut xc nh, nhng ngu nhin trc cc quan st bnh thng. Chui m vi di cc i 2 c xem l chui gi ngu nhin quan trng nht c to thnh thng qua thanh ghi dch ni tip v cc cng XOR. Chui ny c xc nh bng mt a thc to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m (m > 0).
x g ( x) = gm x m + g + m1 m1 + g m2 xm2 + ....g x + g 0 1
m

(1)

III. K THUT TRI PH 1. nh ngha tri ph Tri ph l k thut truyn tn hiu, c s dng

Trong gi c gi tr l 0 hoc 1 v gm = g0 = 1. Cho g(x) =0. Ta c s hi qui nh sau: 1 = g1 x + g 2 x + .... + g m 2 x Vi xk th hin n v tr. Nu gi=1, kho tng ng l mch ng, ngc li kho tng ng l mch m. Thanh ghi dch l mt mch c s c 2 trng thi vi m phn t nh. V th s trng thi khc 0 cc i l 2 - 1.
m
2 m 2

+ g m 1 x

m 1

+ gm x

(2)

rng ri trong truyn thng. Trong nng lng ca tn hiu c tri trn mt bng thng rng hn nhiu ln lng bng thng cn thit ti thiu nh s dng m gi ngu nhin, m ny c lp vi tn hiu thng tin. Bn nhn thng tin s tin hnh gii tri bng cch ng b ha m gi ngu nhin. C 4 kiu tri ph: tri ph trc tip, nhy tn, nhy thi gian v h lai. 2. c im ca tri ph iu ch tri ph c nhiu tnh nng quan trng nh sau: Chng li c cc nhiu c hay v tnh. C kh nng loi tr nh hng ca truyn sng

Gi s si(j) biu din gi tr phn t th j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h th i. Trng thi ca thanh ghi dch xung ng h i l vect c di hu hn si = [si(1),si(2),, si(m)]. u ra nhp xung th i l ci-m = si(m). Thay vo (2), ta c: ci =

nhiu tia.

g1ci 1 + g 2 ci 2 + .......... + g m1ci m+1 + g m ci m

(3)

ci + m = g1ci + m 1 + g 2 ci + m 2 + .... + g m 1ci +1 + ci (mod 2)

(4)

c hnh thnh thng qua thao tc tri ngy trang trn tng critical band. T ( z) = max(Tnorm( z), TH ) Trong : T(z): l ngng nghe sau cng , TH: (ngng nghe) l gi tr nh nht c th nghe c v c tnh theo cng thc: TH=max(| Ppt(j)|). Trong Ppt(j) l cng sut ca tn hiu thm d p(t); p(t)= sin (2sin 4000t) Tnorm(z): l ngng nghe sau khi chun ha ngng nghe th. V c tnh nh sau :

c(t ) = ck T (t kTc )

(5)

IV. M HNH GI LP H THNH GIC M hnh gi lp thnh gic (hnh 1) l mt thut ton c gng m phng li c ch cm nhn m thanh ca tai ngi. N s dng cc kin thc tng hp t nhiu ngnh, c bit l hai ngnh: sinh l hc v thnh m hc. Trong qu trnh x l, mt c ch rt quan trng c dng l ngy trang tn s ng b. M hnh thnh gic x l tn hiu m thanh to ra ngng ngy trang sau cng. Thng tin ny dng lm trn tn hiu Watermark gi m thanh tai ngi

Tnorm( z) =

Traw( z) Pz
=O ( z

Vi Traw (z) l ngng nng lng th.

log ( Sm ( z )) )
10

Traw( z ) = 10 khng cm nhn c. gim thi gian x l, ta chia tn hiu thnh nhiu on nh lin tip, chng lp mt phn ln nhau, mi on nh ny c gi l mt frame. s(t): tn hiu m thanh trn min thi gian. u tin, tn hiu m thanh c chuyn t min thi gian sang min tn s thng qua php bin i Fourier. Tng i lng trong m hnh c xc nh nh sau:

10

Trong :

O ( z ) = (14.5 + z ) + (1 )5.5

s( j ) = FFT [s(t )]

Hnh 1.M hnh gi lp h thnh gic SFM

dB

2 2 2 Sp( j ) = Re{Sw( j )} + Im{Sw( j )} =| Sw( j ) | = min HBZ LBZ

; SFM dBMax = 60dB . SFM dBMax ,1

Spz( z) = Sp( j )
Spz(z) biu din bng n v Bark. Cng thc chuyn t tn s (Hz) sang critical band (Bark):
z = 13 tan
1

PZ: tng s im trong bng tn z vi z l n v nh x t tn s sang Bark V. WATERMARKING S DNG K THUT TRI PH KT HP M HNH THNH GIC 1. tng thut ton

0.76 * f

+ 3.5 tan

26.81* f 1960 + f

0.53

1000

7500

LBZ v HBZ: tn s di v tn s trn ca critical band z. B(z) = 15.91+ 7.5(z + 0.474) 17.5 1+ (z + 0.474)
2

Sm(z) = Spz(z) * B(z)

Trn min tn s, ngng ngy trang ca tn hiu

Tri ngc vi cc phng php Watermarking truyn thng, trong thut ton ny m thanh s ng vai tr nhiu Jammer ng vai tr tn
1

v Watermark

l nhiu c cng v nng lng ln hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu

hiu truyn gi m thanh. Thnh phn ca tn hiu sau khi Watermark nh hnh 2.

chiu rng ca ma trn Interlea ver. b) Thut ton Bc 1: Chuyn chui tn hiu Watermark sang dng cc v lp dy bit w m ln. Bc 2: Cho chui bit wR sau khi lp i qua ma trn Interleaver (H dng v I ct) vi u vo ly theo ct v u ra ly theo dng. Bc 3: Thm header vo u dy wI. d = header + wI. Bc 4: Chuyn biu din chui bit d sang min thi gian. Bc 5: iu ch BPSK tn hiu d(t). Bc 6: Tri chui tn hiu sau khi iu ch s(t). x(t) = s(t).*c(t) c(t): chui PN trn min thi gian. 3. Qu trnh nhng Watermark a) M hnh qu trnh nhng nh hnh 4. x(t): thng tin Watermark c to thnh 5.1. T: l ngng ngy trang c to thnh trong 4. Fz: tn s sng mang. b) Thut ton Bc 1: Chia dy tn hiu x(t) thnh N frame, vi mi frame c kch thc l nBlock. Bc 2: p dng php bit i FFT cho tng frame

Hnh 2.Thnh phn tn hiu c Watermark

Trong m hnh ny: Phn m thanh tai ngi cm nhn c l nhiu Jammer. Do cc thao tc x l ca ngi dng (nh thay i tn s, thay i s im mu, thay i cao, chuyn i nh dng ) ch c thc hin trn tn hiu m thanh tn hiu nhiu Jammer. c bit thut ton c kh nng chng tt trc tn cng dng chuyn i kiu file (wav, mp3, wma, mov, ) 2. Qu trnh to Watermark a) M hnh Watermark x(t) c to ra thng qua h thng m ha DS/BPSK nh hnh 3. Trong : s(t): chui bit Watermark biu din theo min thi gian w: chui Watermark cc. m: h s lp. header: header. chui bit dng
2

Hnh 3. S to Watermark

f0 : tn s sng mang dng trong b iu bin BPSK. I, H: chiu di v

2

Hnh 4. S nhng Watermark

theo kt qu thc nghim (6.2).

 cho qua ca s Hamming. Xw = fft(frame[i].*hamming(nBlock)) Bc 3: Chuyn t min tn s sang min Bark theo cng thc (5) v tnh theo t l Bark. Bc 4: Tm trong dy tn hiu m thanh cha cc thnh phn nm trn ngng T, lu li v tr cc im vo tp above. Chn trong dy tn hiu Sw cc im tng ng trong above. Xnew[above] = Xw[above] Bc 5: Tri tn hiu trn Fz. Xnew = Xnew * Fz Bc 6: Kt hp tn hiu m thanh v tn hiu Watermark. OUT = Xnew + Snew Bc 7: Bin i v min thi gian out = ifft(OUT) 4. Qu trnh rt trch Watermark Thut ton Gm 3 giai on chnh: Giai on 1: Lc b tn hiu m thanh v to tn hiu Rfinal. Bc 1: Lc ly thnh phn nm di ngng T (lai b m thanh). R(below) = Sw(below) Bc 2: Lng t ha.
Fz[i] = 1/ max R(i)

frame. R = fft(Rfinal[i]) Bc 3: Xy dng b lc phn gii cao HDRET v p dng vo R d tm ra tn hiu. DET = R*HRD ET det = real(ifft(DET)) Bc 4: D tm im u tin (v tr bt u rt trch) ca chui tn hiu Watermark. [dbValue, nPos] = max(det) Giai on 3: Tng hp Watermark: Bc 1: Xa phn header ca tn hiu sau khi d tm c. Bc 2: Cho tn hiu wR qua ma trn gii m Interleaver vi u vo theo dng v u ra theo ct. Bc 3: Rt trch li chui nh phn. VI. SO SNH NH GI Thut ton ny c tc gi ci t trn mi trng Matlab 7.0. Thut ton gm hai module chnh: module to v nhng Watermark vo tn hiu m thanh, module rt trch Watermark. Trc khi rt trch, file m thanh sau khi Watermark phi tri qua nhiu kiu tn cng khc nhau nh gi mc bn vng, cng nh phi c kim tra tnh trong sut. bn vng v tnh trong sut chnh l hai tiu ch

R(i) = R(i) * Fz[i] ,

i [1, nZT ] Bc 3: Chuyn R v min thi gian. Giai on 2: D tm Header. Bc 1: iu BPSK tn hiu dt. ch

Bc 2: Chia thnh nhiu frame nh v p dng FFT cho tng

Hnh 5. M hnh qu trnh rt trch s(t) l tn hiu m thanh cn rt trch Watermark.

chnh trong phn so snh nh gi. Do y l ng dng v Watermarking, nn tiu ch v kch thc thng tin nhng vn c quan tm, nhng khng phi l yu t c bn. B d liu m tc gi dng kim tra l b d liu chun, c ly t [5]. D liu kim tra bao gm 10 tp tin, tn s ly mu l 44,1 kHz, stereo, s bit mu l 16 bits. y l b d liu min ph, v c nhiu ngi s dng. Ngoi ra, ta c tham kho b d liu JASRAC (The Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers [6]), tm dch l Hip hi bo v bn quyn cc tc gi, cc nh sng

tc, v cc nh xut bn ca Nht. 1. Kim tra tnh trong sut Phng php Watermarking c ngh hon ton tha mn hai dng kim tra sau: Ngi kim tra s nghe on m thanh trc khi nhng watermark v sau khi nhng watermark, h khng phn bit c s thay i. Kim tra ph ca file m thanh trc khi nhng v sau khi nhng (tc gi s dng chng trnh Sound Forge 8.0 kim tra). Kt qu l ph ca chng gn nh hon ton ging nhau.

Bng 1. So snh kt qu rt trch Watermark Phng php i nh dng (mp3, wma, ) i tn s ly mu (44.1 kHz 32 kHz) i s bit mu (16 bits 8 bits) i ln im mu Lc thng cao Thm nhiu Gauss Kch thc thng ip mt ti a Tri ph + M.h thnh gic Thnh cng Thnh cng 70% Thnh cng 90% Thnh cng 1 kB iu ch Dither Tht bi Thnh cng Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Thnh cng > 1kB STDM Hide4PGP MP3Stego Steghide

Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi > 1kB

Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi > 1kB

Tht bi V V V V V > 1kB

Tht bi Tht bi Tht bi Thnh cng Tht bi Tht bi 0.5 kB

(a) File trc khi nhng

(b) File sau khi nhng

(c) Ph ca (a ) & (b) trn cng 1 ca s

Hnh 6. Ph ca file m thanh trc v sau khi nhng.

2. Kim tra tnh bn vng Trc khi rt trch, file m thanh sau khi nhng Watermark phi tri qua nhiu kiu tn cng khc nhau trn ng truyn, nh: chuyn i nh dng file (wav, cda, mp3, au, mov, wma, ), bin i bin , i s bit ly mu, chuyn i tn s, lc thng cao, hay thm nhiu Gauss. Cc thao tc bin i trn m thanh s c thc hin trn phn mm Sound Forge 8.0 (chuyn i nh dng file, bin i bin ), Sound Recorder (i tn s, i bit mu), Cool Edit Pro 2.1 (lc thng cao). Phng php Watermarking ny c kh nng chng li tt c cc dng tn cng ny. Bng 1 l s so snh kt qu rt trch Watermark khi b tn cng ca phng php ny v mt s phn mm c [7 10]. Thnh cng: Watermark sau khi rt trch khng b thay i ni dung. Tht bi: Watermark sau khi rt trch b thay i ni dung. X%: Watermark sau khi rt trch X% ni dung khng b thay i. V: khng kim tra c. VII. KT LUN Watermarking l hng nghin cu mi, c bit l trn m thanh. Tim nng v nhu cu s dng ca Watermarking rt ln nht l trong bo v bn quyn. Yu cu quan trng nht vi cc thut ton Watermarking l m bo c tnh trong sut v kh nng bn vng trc cc tn cng. So vi cc phng php trc y nh thay th bit t quan trng nht, bin i trn min, echo, phng php ca chng ti m bo tt cc yu cu trn. Tuy nhin khuyt im tn ti ca h thng l: Tn hiu thm d s dng trong m hnh thnh gic c xy dng mt cch ch quan da trn tc ng ca p sut m ln tn s nghe. Tn ti mt xc sut li nh vn c trong m hnh tri ph. Chng ti tin rng nu em ng dng trong thc t,

h thng s em li hiu qu kinh t cao khng ch trong lnh va bo v bn quyn m cn trong lnh vc truyn thng mt. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Cc bi vit, nhn xt v thng k ca Hip hi bo v bn quyn th gii http://www.iipa.com [2] Ricardo A. Garica, Digital Watermarking of audio signals using a psychoacoustic auditory model and Spread Spectrum Theory, Artech House, 2000. [3] L. Boney, H. Tewfik and N. Hamdy, Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals IEEE Int.Conf. on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Hiroshima, Japan, June 1996. [4] Stefan Katzenbeisser and Fabien Petitcolas, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking, ISBN 1-58053-035-4, 2000. [5] B d liu mu http://www.tnt.uni-hannover.de/ project/mpeg/audio/sqam/ [6] Hip hi bo v bn quyn tc gi, nh sng tc, v cc nh xut bn Nht http://www.jasrac.or.jp/ejhp/ [7] Hide4PGP: http://www.heinz-repp.onlinehome.de/ Hide4PGP [8] EZStego (Stego Online, Stego Shareware) http://www.stego.com [9] MP3Stego (Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, i hc Cambridge) http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fapp2/steganography /mp3stego/. [10] Steghide http://steghide.sourceforge.net Ngy nhn bi: 13/09/2005

S LC TC GI L HOI BC Sinh nm 1963. Tt nghip i hc Ton nm 1984, nhn bng Thc s Tin hc nm 1990. Bo v lun vn Tin s ngnh Tin hc nm 1999. Hin nay l Ph Gio s, Ph Trng khoa CNTT, i hc Khoa hc T nhin TP. HCM. Hng nghin cu: Tr tu nhn to, Tnh ton mm v Data mining. Email: lhb ac@fit .hcmuns.e du .vn NGUYN NGC H Sinh ngy 05/11/1966 ti Hi Phng Tt nghip i hc Quc gia H Ni, chuyn ngnh Ton c-Tin hc nm 1988, nhn bng Thc s nm 2001 ti i hc Bch khoa H Ni, chuyn ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin. Hin l Gim c Trung tm Tin hc Bu in Hi Phng. Hng nghin cu : Giu d liu v Bo mt thng tin. Email: hann@hn.vnn.vn LU KHOA Sinh nm 1983 ti Tin Giang . Tt nghip i hc Khoa hc T nhin TP. HCM nm 2005 ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin. Hin cng tc ti i hc Khoa hc T nhin TP.HCM. Hng nghin cu: n d liu, X l m thanh, Bo mt. Email: luukhoa@vnn.vn L TH HONG NGN Sinh nm 1983 ti Qung Nam. Tt nghip i hc Khoa hc T nhin TP.HCM nm 2005 ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin. Hin cng tc ti i hc Khoa hc T nhin TP.HCM. Hng nghin cu: n d liu, X l m thanh, Bo mt. Email: lengan@vnn.vn