TR1005 - Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 3-4-5-6: Fluid Dynamics

Fundamentals of fluid mechanics

Bruce R. Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi, Wade W. Huebsch, Alric P. Rothmayer—7th edition

Lecturer: Vuong Thi Hong Nhi

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Fluid Statics Fluid Kinematics Fluid Dynamics

• The fluid is either • fluid motions • fluid motions with

at rest without being being concerned
or moving in such concerned with with the actual
a manner that the actual forces forces
there is no necessary to • Bernoulli Equation
relative motion produce the (Chapter 3)
between adjacent motion. • Conservation laws
particles. • velocity and in Integral Form
• Chapter 2 acceleration (Chapter 5)
• Chapter 4 and 6.1 • Conservation laws
in Differential
Form (Chapter 6)

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 Integral Form
The Continuity (5.1)
Equation
(Conservation of
Mass) Differential Form
(6.2)

Integral Form
(5.2)
The Linear
Fluid Dynamics
Momentum Equation
Differential Form
(6.3)
Newton’s Second Law
Moment-of-
(Conservation of
Momentum Equation
Momentum)

First Law of
Thermodynamics Bernoulli
(Conservation of Equation
Energy)

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4.6. System and Control Volume
System is a quantity of matter of fixed identity.
• No mass can cross a system boundary.
• Always the same atoms or fluid particles
• A specific, identifiable quantity of matter

Control volume (CV) is a region in space chosen for study.

• Mass can cross a control surface.
• A volume in space through which fluid may flow
• A geometric entity
• Independent of mass

The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of mass, energy, and momentum) apply directly to
systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control volume analysis is preferred over system
analysis.
Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws from a system to a control volume. This is
accomplished with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).

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4.7. Extensive and Intensive property

B represent any of these fluid parameters

b represent the amount of that parameter per unit mass.

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4.8. The Reynolds Transport Theorem

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4.8. The Reynolds Transport Theorem
Fixed control volume
The Reynolds transport theorem provides an analytical tool to shift the laws
governing fluid motion from system concepts (consider a given mass of the fluid)
to control volume concepts (consider a given volume).

The time rate The rate of change The net flowrate

of change of B of B within the of B across the
for the system control volume control surface

𝜕
Steady flow ≡0
𝜕𝑡

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4.8. The Reynolds Transport Theorem
Moving control volume

The relative velocity, W, that carries fluid across the moving control surface, whereas
it is the absolute velocity, V, that carries the fluid across the fixed control surface.

𝑾 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝑐𝑣 𝑽𝑐𝑣 = 𝑽 − 𝑾

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
The Reynolds Transport Theorem for mass conservation

The conservation of mass principle for a system:

Time rate of change of the system mass = 0 (The amount of mass in a system is constant)

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

Steady flow

where 𝑚ሶ the mass flowrate

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 0
(lbm/s, slug/s, or kg/s)

Steady, Incompressible flow 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

𝑾 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝑐𝑣

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

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5.1. Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
Deforming Control Volume

𝑾 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝑐𝑣

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6.2. Differential Form of Continuity Equation

The differential equation

for conservation of mass
(the continuity equation)
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6.2. Differential Form of Continuity Equation

Steady flow

Steady, Incompressible flow

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6.2. Differential Form of Continuity Equation

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Review
Linear Moment-of-
Mass Kinetic energy Energy
Momentum Momentum
B, Extensive 1
properties
𝑚 𝑚𝑉 𝐻 𝑚𝑉 2 E
2
b, Intensive 1 2
1 𝑉 (𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉) 𝑉 e
properties 2

B represent any of these fluid parameters

b represent the amount of that parameter per unit mass.
The Reynolds Transport Theorem
𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐷 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑏 𝑑∀ = න 𝜌𝑏 𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑏 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑠
The time rate The rate of change The net flowrate
of change of B of B within the of B across the
for the system control volume control surface
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5.2. Linear Momentum Equation
The Reynolds Transport Theorem for Linear Momentum

Newton’s second law

Linear
momentum
equation
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6.3. Differential Form of Linear Momentum Equation

Euler’s Equations

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5.2. Linear Momentum Equation
Several important generalities about the application of the linear momentum
1. When the flow is uniformly distributed over a section of the control surface
2. Linear momentum is directional
3. The flow of positive or negative linear momentum into a control volume involves a negative product. Momentum flow
out of the control volume involves a positive product.
4. The momentum problems considered in this text all involve steady flow.
5. If the control surface is selected so that it is perpendicular to the flow where fluid enters or
leaves the control volume, the surface force exerted at these locations by fluid outside the control volume on fluid inside will
be due to pressure, as shown by the figure in the margin on
the next page. Furthermore, when subsonic flow exits from a control volume into the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure
prevails at the exit cross section. In Example 5.11, the flow was
subsonic and so we set the exit flow pressure at the atmospheric level. The continuity equation 1Eq. 5.122 allowed us to
evaluate the fluid flow velocities and at sections w1 w2 112 and 122.

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation

Reynolds transport theorem for energy

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation

Heat transfer and work transfer are considered

“+” going into the system and “-” coming out.

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation

The heat transfer rate: The work

radiation, conduction, transfer rate,
and/or convection also called power

The process is adiabatic;

the heat transfer rate is zero

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
Work transfer can also occur at the control surface when a force
associated with fluid normal stress acts over a distance.

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation

One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

Enthalpy

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5.3. First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation

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 Lý thuyết vận chuyển Reynolds

Lý thuyết vận chuyển Reynolds Định luật bảo toàn Dạng tích phân của phương
cho bảo toàn khối lượng khối lượng trình bảo toàn khối lượng

Lý thuyết vận chuyển Reynolds Định luật II Dạng tích phân của phương
cho bảo toàn động lượng Newton trình bảo toàn động lượng

Lý thuyết vận chuyển Reynolds Định luật I Nhiệt Dạng tích phân của phương
cho bảo toàn năng lượng động lực học trình bảo toàn năng lượng