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General Morphology Gram-posi*ve 0.5-1.0m Singly / pairs Irregular grape like clusters AbovewriOen
Morphology on culture media Tolerate rela*vely high c. of sodium chloride Coagulase posi*ve usually Coagulase nega*ve
Pathogenesis common diseases Human nasal cavity Or skin Causes pus lled inamma*on: abscesses various
Extras
Systemic
infec*ons
include
sep*cemia
Produce
enterotoxin:
food
poisoning
Produce
TSST-1
(shock
syndrome)
Staphylococcus
various
Pharyngi*s, respiratory tract in general, skin infec*on Normally found in nasopharynx, triggers pneumonia
Require enriched media and increased CO2 tension OPTOCHIN sensivity Shows alpha hemolysis or no H, No Lanceeld Class.
Genus Enterococci
General
Morphology
Gram
posi*ve
Pairs
or
short
chains
Gram-nega*ve
diplococci
0.6-1.5m
With
adherens
pili
Pathogenesis common diseases Normal ora of intes*nal tract Nosocomial urinary and wound infec*on
Extras
E.
Faecalis
is
the
most
common
Most
an*bio*c
resistant
(Phylum: Firmicutes)
Neisseria
meningi0s
(Phylum:
Proteobacteria)
Cause
epidemic
Whaterhouse- meningi*s,
infects
Frederichsen
the
nasopharynx,
can
syndrome
is
the
fatal
cause
sep*cemia,
skin
form
rash
and
shock
cascade
Neisseria gonorrea
Cause gonorrea, infects all sexual apparatus invade urethra, cervix, rectum Salmonellosis and enteri*s, by foods Bacteriemia
Produce endotoxin, resist destruc*on within phagocytosis, may cause pharyngi*s, ophthalmia, proc**s or others.
Enterobacteria
Salmonella
(Phylum:
Proteobacteria)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Gram-nega*ve If mo*le, peritrichous arrangement of agella Faculta*ve anaerobes Oxidase-nega*ve Ferment sugar glucose
ETEC: travellers diarrhea EPEC: diarrhea/mal- adsorp*on EAEC: diarrhea EIEC: dysentery-type syndrome EHEC: coli*s, bloody D.
Genus
General Morphology
Extras
Pseudomonas
Gram-nega*ve, non- fermenta*ve, rods or coccobacilli, the human pathogen is the pseudomonas aeruginosa, oxidase posi*ve
Red colonies without black center, pseudosel agar is specic, s*mulate the bacteria to produce a pyocyanin pigment (green- blue), fruity grapejuice-like odor due to the aminoacetophenone.
Ogen inhabitants of water and soil, common cause of nosocomial infec*ons, could spread in other sites, low incidence of cases but 60% mortality M. Tuberculosis is the most important, typically inhaled as par*cles, 1 infec*on may be asymptoma*c, 2 could spread ager 2 years.
Opportunis*c pathogen, especially dangerous to debilitated or immunocompromise d pa*ents. It also release endotoxin and R-plasmids Diagnosis of TBC: PPD test on skin, Chest X-rays, acid- fast stain of sputum.
Mycobacteria
Obligate Anaerobes
Bacteroides fragilis 2. Bacterioides melaninogenicus 3. Fusobacterium nucleatum 5. 4. Clostridium perfrigens 5. Anaerobic cocci
1.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Most
common,
predominant
in
intes*nal
tract,
cause
wound
inf.
Normal
ora
of
UP
resp.
tract,
gastrointes*nal,
urinary.
Normal
ora
of
UP
resp.
tract,
gastrointes*nal,
urinary.
Intes*nal
tract,
may
cause
gas
gangrene,
C.Tetanus
causes
tetanus,
C.botulinum
causes
botulism.(Isola*on:
direct
microscopic
examina*on
of
exudates,
isola*on
on
blood
agar,
iden*ca*on
in
Litmus
Milk
medium)
Extras
(Phylum: Firmicutes)
Penicillin.
For
allergic
Transmission
human
by
human
has
not
been
pa*ents,
tetracicline,
reported,
it
happens
by
cloranphenicol.
air,
or
ea*ng
inf.
Meat.
It
Vacina*on
of
animals
is
an
herbivores
disease
in
endemic
areas.
Penicillin
resistant.
Normal
treatment
in
gastroenteri*s
or
special
in
an*bio*c
resistant
bacilli
(vancomicine).
Combina*ons
of
An*bio*c,
complica*ons
are:
meningi*s
and
blood
poisoning.
Food
hygiene
is
essen*al
form
of
preven*on.
Food
hygiene
(Phylum: Firmicutes)
Bacillus Cereus
Uncapsulated, Gram +, beta hemoly*c, gives spores. Gram+, short chains or withstands. No spores. Mo*le by agella, not synthe*zed above 37. Gram +, uncapsulated, nonmo*le, pleiomorphs, no spores
(Phylum: Firmicutes)
Listeria monocytogenes
Can be found in soil, milk, vegetable, meat. Also refrigerated foods, e.g. sh. Fish, unpasteurized milk Food in general (kept not in appropriate condi*ons)
Corynebacterium
(Phylum:
AcBnobacteriae)
(e*ological agent)
Diphtheria
Genus
Mycobacteria
Tubercolosis
(AcBnobacteria)
Pathogenesis
common
diseases
Acid-fast
stain
is
an
important
procedure,
Lowenstein-Jensen
agar
for
M.tubercolosis
Leprosy,
transmission
respiratory,
incuba*on
2-10
years
Strains
with
capsule:
virulent=meningi*s,
epigloo*s,
sinusi*s,
ear
infec*ons
in
children.
Treatment,
PrevenBon,
Control
M.
Tuberculosis
is
the
most
important,
typically
inhaled
as
par*cles,
1
infec*on
may
be
asymptoma*c,
2
could
spread
ager
2
years.
Extras
Diagnosis
of
TBC:
PPD
test
on
skin,
Chest
X-rays,
acid- fast
stain
of
sputum.
Acid fast resistant bacilli. No cul*va*on on media, but detectable on slides with special staining. Polymorphic coccobacilli, Gram-, anaerobic, capsulated, obligate parasites There are 3 types: B.pertussis, parapertussis, bronchisep*cal. Coccobacilli, 0,2-0,5x1m, Gram-, no spores, no mo*les, aerobes'.
Dapsona treat. Two forms, lepromatus and tubercoloid Treatment: ampicilline, amino- glycosides, tretraciclyne PRP Vaccine
Most cases in Asia, Africa, Sud-America. Not animal sources. Present in mucous membrane of respiratory tract in human and animals
(Phylum: Proteobacteriaceae)
(Phylum: Proteobacteriaceae)
Genus Bordetella
Culture media: starch Bordet-Gengou, blood and glycerol (CO2 presence). An*gens: O, K. Vaccine: DTP.
Symptoms: Catarrhal Isolated from warm blood, have anity for stage, paroxysmal RS mucosa. Staining with coughing period, convalescent phase. toloudine (blue), 35-37 C . Catalase+, not Tetracycline, carbohydrates macrolides, fermenta*ons cloranphenicol used.
Genus
Genus
Shigella
(Enterobatceriae)
General Morphology
Extras
Dysentery,
sick
convalescence
carrier,
faecal-oral
transmission,
direct
contact
with
food.
Incuba*on
2-4
days.
Diagnosis:
based
on
stool,
dead
intes*ne,
bile,
foods,
water.
(Phylum: Proteobacteria)
Mul*ple iden*ca*on Lactose-, splits Factors of glucose to acid assay adherence: mbriata, (e.g. SD media colorless colonies) Treatment: (MR+) LPZ, Microcapsule. Tetracycline, ampicilline, Toxines: Shiga, sulphamide cytotoxine, endotoxine. Ag: O\K
(Phylum: Proteobacteria)
(Phylum: Proteobacteria)
Legionellaceae, Campylobacter
Enteri*s, diagnosis by selec*ve media with blood + various an*bio*cs at 37. Factor of pep*c ulcer, gastri*s and can lead to gastric cancer. Virulence factor: Urease.
Eritromicine, tetracycline.
Helycobacter
Pylory
(Phylum:
Proteobacteria)
Gram-, 2,4x1m, helical or spiral with agella. Acid resistant. Low oxigen
Extras
Disseminated
on
ground,
intes*ne
of
animals
and
humans,
vagina
and
upper
RS
as
spores.
C. Botulinum
Food intoxica*ons ager 18-96h incuba*on, toxin gives accid paralysis Present in soil and some animals. Agent of Taetanus (tetanospasmine, tetanolizine) Two virulence factor: toxinA and cytotoxinB Produce: vasoconstric*on, reduced blood ux causing local ischemia. Toxin: phospholipase, leci*nase
Iden*ca*on in serum and feces, treatment an*bio*cs and intensive th. Treatment: tetanus toxoid serum and surgical wounds. Plus Vaccina*on. Pseudomembraneou s with vancomycin, metronidizole An*bio*c like: cefoxi*n, metronidazole, eritromicin and others. Surgical treatment or oxygenoterapy
Communicable disease.
C. Tetani
C. Dicile
C. Perfringens
Severe toxic eects untreated: 100%fatal Symptoms: muscle disorders, blood coagula*ons, hypotension, gaseous gangrene.
Type
Gram-,
anaerobes
nonsporules
bacilli
Pathogenesis
Diarrhea,
abscesses,
meningi*s
Respiratory
inf.,
o**s,
abscesses
of
oral
cavity,
osteomyeli*s
P.gingivalis
aOack
the
periodontal
space
Childhood
Acnes,
in
combina*on
with
other
microorganism,
produce
propionic
acids.
Also
give
endophthalmi*s
and
Blephari*s
Produce
lesion
and
inamma*on
of
skin
and
mucosae,
supercial
infec*ons
of
thorax,
abdomen
and
oro-facial
region.
Treatment
by
an*bio*cs:
amoxicillin.
Can
give
alveolary
piorrea
Inamma*ons,
tooth
alveoli
abscesses,
sep*c
arthri*s.
Suscep*ble
to
ethanol.
Cerebral
abscesses,
necrosis
of
lung
*ssues.
Treatment
with
aminoglycoside
an*bio*cs,
quinolone
and
so
on.
Aspects
Large
number
colonies
Non-mo*le,
colonize
oral
cavity
Colonize
oral
cavity
Aero-tolerant,
treatment
with
an*bio*cs
like
peroxide
and
tetracycline
and
benzoyl.
Long-branched
shape,
found
in
colon,
vagina.
Gives
a
characteris*cs
yellow-grains
in
the
center
of
the
lesion.
(Phylum: acBnobacteria)
AcBnomyces Israeli
Veillonella Peptococcus
Normal ora of oral cavity Normal ora of intes*ne and oral cavity, arranged in tetrads or regular form. In short chains, normal ora of oral cavity, vagina and urinary tract
Genus
Treponema
Pallidum
(Phylum:
Spirochaetes)
General Morphology Gram-, 0,5x10m, spiral shaped 6-12 coils, mobile, no spores. Spiral, aerobic, Gram-, 6-20m, very thin, enveloped, no spores, two agella at opposite sides Gram-, 4-30m, 4-30 spirals, essible, mobile, no spores, anaerobic or microaerophylic
Extras
Lipid
an*gen
(Wassermann),
protein
specic
an*gen
(Reiter)
200
serotypes,
typically
animals
aected.
Human are infected by animals urines or feces direct contact or by water. Gives inuence, meningococcal disease, Weil disease, liver and kidneys, jaundice. Also by blood transmission.
Relapsing fever Amino-penicillin: (recurren*s) ampicillin, Lyme disease amoxicillin. (burgdogferi): hosted by Tetracyclin. birds and mammals, by bi*ng, aOack joints, heart, CNS.
Main pathogens: B.recurren*s, B. burgdorferi, B.duOonii Major risk between May-October More common in underdeveloped countries
RickeRsiaceae Gram-, 2x0,7m, Chloramphenicol (Phylum: types: , tetracycline. They all have natural Proteobacteria) pleiomorphic, hull infec*on cycles, except for Obligate intracellular form, coccobacilli, epidemic typhus and trench fever. parasites rods and laments. Non-mobile.
Genus
Chlamydiae
trachomaBs
General Morphology Gram-, intracellular obligate, outer \inner membrane, no own ATP prod. As above men*oned
Pathogenesis common diseases Infects non-ciliated epithelial cells. Lymphocytes involvement, results in cell destruc*on and inammatory response Respiratory tract, by blood to liver and spleen. Gives edema, necrosis and inammatory response. Occupies surfaces of airways epithelium. Gives pneumonia. Produce cough sore throat, mild fever, discomfort. Urogenital tract of men, inammatory disease, producing non-gonococcal urethri*s. In Women cause cervi*s, pelvic inammatory disease (PID) and bacterial vaginosis (BV)
Extras
May
aOack
the
conjunc*va,
can
leads
to
blindness.
(Phylum: bacteriodes)
(Phylum: bacteriodes)
Chlamydophila psiRaci
Tetracycline, erythromycin
TransmiOed by parrots (natural host) Mucous plugs can develop in cells causing cyanosis and anoxia Requires essen*al compounds presents in the hosts mucosal epithelia Can be sexually transmiOed
(Phylum: acBnobacteria)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Filamentous and spherical, no cell wall, obligate host depending Gram+, ball shaped, no cell wall
Tetracycline, macrolides
(Phylum: acBnobacteria)
Mycoplasma genitalium
This is the bacterial nal table, a sort of mini-bible, denitely the most dicult and long term complicated work we made Hope it would be useful as usual And also remember that we are sharing it with you! Your Beloved colleagues, Alessandro MoFa & Luca Serena, may the force be with you!