prove Bernoulli's principle for the flow of non-viscous fluids. Give its limitations.- Proof. Consider a non-viscous and incompressible fluid flowing steadily between the sections A and B of a pipe of varying cross-section. Let a, be the area of cross-section at A,v, the fluid velocity, P, the fluid pressure, and h, the mean height above the ground level. Let 4,02, P, and ly be the values of the corresponding quantities at B.Poa, Fig. 10.33 Derivation of Bernoulli's principle. Let p be the density of the fluid. As the fluid is incompressible, so whatever mass of fluid enters the pipe at section A in time Af, an equal mass of fluid flows out at section B in time Aft. This mass is given by m= Volume x density = Area of cross-section x length x density or m= A, 0, Atp = Ay Vy Atp .(1) Or av, = av oa 2) won Change in K.E. of the fluid =K.E. at B-K.E. at A =Am(v7 -v,7)=44, 0, Atp (vf -v/) 2 2 [Using (1)]LM oMTs (1)] Change in P.E. of the fluid =P.E. at B—P.E. at A = mg (It ~ hy) =a, 2, Atp g(t, —h,) [Using (1)} Net work done on the fluid = Work done on the fluid at A — Work done by the fluid at B = Pa, x 0, At- P, a, x v, At =P a, v, At- Pa, v, At [Using (2)] =a, v, At(P, -B) By conservation of energy, Net work done on the fluid = Change in K.E. of the fluid + Change in PE. of the fluid = a0, At(P, ~ B) = Bayo At p(y — Vy) + 40, Atpg (Ip ~My) Dividing both sides by a,v, At, we get 2 a ae Bi ~B=4p 2» -tpy, +p gh, p git, 5 P+tp vp tpgh =P, +4P% or +p gh (3) 0 . P+ 5 pu + pgh = constantVISCOSITY Viscosity. Viscosity is the property of fluid by virtue of which an internal force of friction comes into play when a fluid is in motion and which opposes the relative motion between its different layers. The backward dragging force, called viscous drag or viscous force, acts tangentially on the layers of the fluid in motion and tends to destroy its motion.Coefficient of viscosity. As shown in Fig. 10.24, suppose a liquid is flowing steadily in the form of parallel layers on a fixed horizontal surface. Consider two layers P and Qat distances x and x + dx from the solid surface and moving with velocities v and v + dv : dv. _ respectively. Then PS is the rate of change of velocity with Ix distance in the direction of increasing distance and is called velocity gradient. Area A v+du ——— a jo Fixed surface Fig. 10.24 Coefficient of viscosity. According to Newton, a force of viscosity F acting tangentially between two layers is (i) proportional to the area A of the layers in contact. FaoA(ii) proportional to the velocity gradient = between Ix the two layers Fa dx Fa A— dx or F=- Av dx where 7 is the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. It depends on the nature of the liquid and gives a measure of viscosity. Negative sign shows that the viscous force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the liquid. If oe dx then F=n (numerically) Hence coefficient of viscosity of a liquid muy be defined as the tangential viscous force required to maintain a unit velo- city gradient between its two parallel layers each of unit area.Dimensions of n. Clearly, MLT 2 FE: dz. [n]= Bit q=—.— =[ML"T-, Units of evefficient of ¥ ieccally. (i) The CGS unit of A dv nis dyne s cm~ or g cm !s! and is called poise. 1 poise = ; bese coe =I dynes cm? lcm’ lcms” The coefficient of viscosity a liquid is said to be 1 poise ifa tangential force of 1 dyne cm ~ of the surface is required to maintain a relative velocity of 1 cmt s” " between two layers of the liquid 1 cm apart. (ii) The SI unit of n is Ns m7? called decapoise or poiseuille. 1 poiseuille = EN s 1m? Ims The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is said, to be 1 poiseuille or decapoise if a tangential force of 1 Nm of the surface is required to maintain a relative velocity of 1 ms” ' between two layers of the liquid 1 m apart. Relation between poiseuille and poise. 1 poiseuille or 1 decapoise =1Nsm~ = (10° dyne) x s x (10? cm)? = 10 dyne s cm? or kg ms"! and is lm 7=1Nsm” =10 poise.10.20 COMPARISON BETWEEN VISCOUS FORCE AND SOLID FRICTION 32. Give some points of similarity and differences between viscous force and solid friction. Points of similarity : (i) Both viscous force and solid friction come into play whenever there is relative motion. (ii) Both oppose the motion. (iii) Both are due to molecular attractions. Points of differences : Viscous force | Solid friction 1. Viscous force is directly | Solid friction is inde- proportional to the area | pendent of the area of of layers in contact. | the surfaces in contact. 2. It is directly propor- | It is independent of the | tional to the relative _| relative velocity | between two solid surfaces. It is dire tly propor- tional to the normal reaction between the surfaces in contact. velocity between the two liquid layers. 3. It is independent of the normal reaction between the two liquid layers.i YSICS-XI 1 Poiseuille’s formula. The volume of a liquid flowin, out per second through a horizontal capillary tube of length |, radius r, under a pressure difference Papplied across its ends is given by ie 4S. Sul This formula is called Poiseulle’s formula. Assumptions used in the derivation of Poiseuille’s formula : (i) The flow of the liquid is steady and parallel to the axis of the tube. (ii) The pressure is constant over any cross-section of the tube. (iii) The liquid velocity is zero at the walls of the tube and increases towards the axis of the tube. (iv) The tube is held horizontal so that gravity does not influence the flow of liquid. 5ctube and increases towards the axis Of the . ty (iv) The tube is held horizontal so that ; , abe Bravity g, not influence the flow of liquid. a8 Derivation of Poiseuille’s formula on the by dimensional analysis. The volume Q of liquid flowin, out per second through a capillary tube depends on (i) coefficient of viscosity 1 of the liquid, (ii) radius r of the tube, (iii) pressure gradient(p/)set up along the capillary tube. c ra Let Qen’ r? ia or Q=kn! (2) Ad) where k is a dimensionless constant. The dimensions of various quantities are Ly ~ Tr eee Ca Time [T] P]_(ME*T*) _ yr? 2y I [L] In]=(ML7T™}, [r]=L Substituting these dimensions in equation (1), we ge (ET) = (Met Tt [LPpMer2yf or [MoL>T aT =[M**L7*+ b-2op—a 2c] Equating the powers of M, L and T on both s we get ides, a+c=0 -at+b-2c=3 -a-2c=-1 c=l1 On solving, we get a=-1, b=4, and ¢ ; kpr* ee eee Q=kn +r [F] nl 8. Experimentally k is found to be alStokes’ law. According to Stokes’ law, the backward viscous force acting on a small spherical body of radius r moving with uniform velocity v through fluid of viscosity n is given by F=6nnrv Derivation of Stokes’ law. The viscous force F acting ona sphere moving through a fluid may depend on (i) coefficient of viscosity n of the fluid (ii) radius r of the spherical body (iii) velocity v of the bodyLet Fak oS , where k is dimensionless constant. The dim ension various quantities are [FJ=(MLT~], 1 =[ML'T 7} (rn) =[L], [vo] =[LT 71] Substituting these dimensions in equation (1), yp get S of [MLT~2] =[ML'T 1}? Ly? (LT Y° = [MIL ethrep ane] Equating the powers M, L and T on both sides, we get a=1 -a+b+c=1 il a On solving, a=b=c=1 F=kynrv For a small sphere, k is found to be equal to 6%. | Hence F=6nn1v This proves Stokes’ law. Conditions under which Stokes’ law is valid : (i) The fluid through which the body moves has infinite extension. (i) The body is perfectly rigid and smooth. (iii) There is no slip between the body and fluid. (iv) The motion of the body does not give rise 0 turbulent motion and eddies, Hence motion # streamlined.MECHANICAL PROP velocity. The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling through a viscous medium is called its terminal velocity. Expression for terminal velocity. Consider a spherical body of radius r falling through a viscous liquid of density o and coefficient of viscosity n. Let p be the density of the body. As the body falls, the various forces acting on the body are as shown in Fig. 10.27(a). These are (i) Weight of the body acting vertically downwards. W=mg=4nrpg (ii) Upward thrust equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. u =3 tro g (iii) Force of viscosity F acting in the upward direction. According to Stokes’ law, F=6nnrv uF Terminal velocity ee eee t ro 3 Acceleration 3 Ww Time > Fig. 10.27 (a) Forces on a sphere Fig. 10.27 (b) Variation falling in a viscous medium. of v with t.When the body attains terminal velocity », U+F=W 3 4 3 ic Ogt6nnrv=—aTr pg ae 6xnro= = xP (p-9)g or » a2 P-9)8 9 n This is the expression for terminal velocity. TH