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    1. Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the mucous membranes and skin. 2. It is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3, which results in loss of cell adhesion within the skin and mucosa. 3. The case report describes a 45-year-old woman who presented with painful oral ulcers and was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris based on histopathological findings of acantholysis and the presence of Tzanck cells.

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    1. Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the mucous membranes and skin. 2. It is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3, which results in loss of cell adhesion within the skin and mucosa. 3. The case report describes a 45-year-old woman who presented with painful oral ulcers and was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris based on histopathological findings of acantholysis and the presence of Tzanck cells.

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    13 views4 pages

    Understanding Pemphigus Vulgaris

    Uploaded by

    DwiKamaswari
    1. Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the mucous membranes and skin. 2. It is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3, which results in loss of cell adhesion within the skin and mucosa. 3. The case report describes a 45-year-old woman who presented with painful oral ulcers and was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris based on histopathological findings of acantholysis and the presence of Tzanck cells.

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    [Downloaded free from http://www.contempclindent.org on Friday, May 18, 2018, IP: 180.247.132.

    25]

    Pemphigus vulgaris
    SANDHYA TAMGADGE, AVINASH TAMGADGE, DAIVAT M. BHATT, SUDHIR BHALERAO, TREVILLE PEREIRA

    Abstract
    Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune mucocutaneous disease that initially manifests in the form of intraoral lesions, which
    spread to other mucous membranes and the skin. The etiology of pemphigus vulgaris is still unknown, although the disease has
    attracted considerable interest. The pemphigus group of disease is characterized by the production of autoantibodies against
    intercellular substances and is thus classified as autoimmune diseases. Most patients are initially misdiagnosed and improperly
    treated for months or even years. Dental professionals must be sufficiently familiar with the clinical manifestations of pemphigus
    vulgaris to ensure early diagnosis and treatment, since this in turn determines the prognosis and course of the disease. This
    article presents a case report with unknown etiology along with an overview of the disease.

    Keywords: Autoimmune disease, bullae, mucous membrane, pemphigus vulgaris

    Introduction on biopsy confirmation of intraepithelial vesicle formation,


    acantholysis, and the presence of Tzanck cells.[3] This article
    Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening discusses the case report of pemphigus vulgaris with unknown
    autoimmune diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or etiology along with overview of disease [Figures 1 and 2].
    mucosal blistering. Pemphigus can be classified into six
    types: Pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, pemphigus Case Report
    erythematosus, pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic
    pemphigus, and IgA pemphigus. [1] Pemphigus vulgaris, A 45-year-old woman was referred to the Department of
    which has multiple clinical variants, is an autoimmune Oral Pathology and Microbiology with a month long history
    blistering disorder of skin and mucous membranes, usually of painful oral ulcers. The patient reported that the lesions
    affecting the elderly, with a strong immunogenetic link and caused considerable discomfort and affected her normal
    showing oral lesions as an initial manifestation in 50% of oral function. Application of glycerin at the site of ulcer
    cases.[2] This life-threatening illness affects only 1–5 patients formation along with multivitamin supplements showed no
    per million populations per year. The peak incidence of improvement. Personal and family histories were uneventful.
    pemphigus vulgaris occurs between the fourth and sixth
    decades of life with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.[3] Clinically, On intraoral examination ulcers were noted on buccal mucosa,
    the oral lesions are characterized by blisters that rapidly buccal vestibule, and attached gingivae, but no ulcers were
    rupture, resulting in painful erosions. While any area in the noted on tongue. No skin lesions were seen [Figure 3].
    oral cavity can be involved, the soft palate, buccal mucosa, Generalized gingivitis was seen along with generalized attrition
    and lips are predominantly affected.[4] The diagnosis depends of teeth and gingival recession. Orthopentamogram (OPG)

    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and


    Microbiology, Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and
    Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
    Correspondence: Dr. Sandhya Tamgadge, Department of Oral &
    Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Padmashree Dr D Y Patil
    Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai - 400706,
    Maharashtra, India. E-mail: sandhya.tamgadge@gmail.com

    Access this article online


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    www.contempclindent.org

    DOI:
    10.4103/0976-237X.83074

    Figure 1: Extraoral photograph

    Contemporary Clinical Dentistry | April-June 2011 | Vol 2| Issue 2 134


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    Tamgadge, et al.: Pemphigus vulgaris

    Figure 2: Right buccal mucosa showing ulceration Figure 3: Erythema on attached gingivae

    Figure 5: Photomicrograph shows suprabasilar split and


    Figure 4: OPG showing horizontal bone loss vesicle (×10)

    Figure 6: Tzanck cells can be seen in intraepithelial vesicle Figure 7: PAS positive basement membrane and suprabasal
    (×10) layer of cells (×10)

    135 Contemporary Clinical Dentistry | April-June 2011 | Vol 2| Issue 2


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    Tamgadge, et al.: Pemphigus vulgaris

    showed horizontal bone loss [Figure 4]. Incisional biopsy was among the spinous cells due to anti-Dsg 3 antibodies results
    performed which confirmed the diagnosis of pemphigus on H in bullae formation immediately in the suprabasal region in
    and E and PAS staining. pemphigus vulgaris.[8]

    Histopathological examination The principal dermal and mucosal changes involve the
    Histopathological examination showed acantholysis in the loss of coherence among layers of keratinocytes. This is
    suprabasal region showing the hallmark of ‘suprabasillar split’. manifested, in the early stages of disease, by the wrinkling
    Intraepithelial vesicle also showed Tzanck cells. Connective of apparently healthy skin under pressure and subsequent
    tissue stroma showed loose collageneous stroma with dense exposure of a lesion, which is called a direct Nikolsky’s sign.
    inflammatory cells [Figure 5]. The primary lesion is a thin-walled bulla, several centimeters
    in size, containing clear fluid, developing on both normal
    Discussion and erythematous skin. Under pressure it releases its content
    through the surrounding epidermis and further increases in
    In pemphigus vulgaris, lesions at first comprise small size. This is an indirect Nikolsky’s sign. Healing is very slow,
    asymptomatic blisters, although these are very thin-walled and but no scars will remain. On the oral mucosa, bullae filled
    easily rupture giving rise to painful and hemorrhagic erosions. with fluid are also present but no inflammation develops.
    In most cases (70–90%), the first signs of disease appear When the epithelial wall of the bulla ruptures and becomes
    on the oral mucosa. While lesions can be located anywhere detached, a flat painful lesion arises. Lesions are either
    within the oral cavity, they are most common found in areas uncovered or covered with whitish fibrin pellicles penetrated
    subjected to frictional trauma, such as the cheek mucosa, with leukocytes. In other cases, oral lesions show clinical and
    tongue, palate, and lower lip. The ulcerations may affect other morphological features of aphthae.[9]
    mucous membranes including the conjunctiva, nasal mucosa,
    pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and genital mucosa, as well as Acantholysis, the loss of coherence of epidermal cells
    the skin where intact blisters are commonly seen.[5] Increased and their subsequent detachment, is the main histological
    salivation and problems with chewing and swallowing are finding. Light microscopy shows that this process starts by
    the major subjective complaints.[6] the development of oedema among keratinocytes situated
    above the stratum basale. In the next stage, a suprabasal
    The etiology of pemphigus vulgaris is still unknown although crevice develops that widens to give rise to a bulla. In cellular
    the disease has raised much concern. The pemphigus-group material scraped from the base and sides of a bulla, typical
    diseases are characterized by the production of autoantibodies acantholytic cells can be found by cytological examination
    against intercellular substances and, therefore, classified as (Tzanck test). Immunofluorescence methods are used
    autoimmune diseases. The presence of a viral infection may to detect IgG antibodies in the intercellular space of the
    also be involved in autoantibody production.[7] In some cases, epidermis or epithelium and circulating antibodies in serum
    it may have a strong genetic basis as it has been reported [Figures 6 and 7].
    more frequently in certain racial groups, for example, the
    Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean descent. Strong Conclusion
    associations with certain HLA Class II alleles have been
    demonstrated in pemphigus vulgaris. Other initiating factors Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare cause of chronic ulceration of the
    reported include certain foods (garlic), infections, neoplasms, oral mucosa. The mouth may be the only site of involvement
    and drugs. The drugs commonly implicated are those in the for a year or so and this may lead to delayed diagnosis and
    thiol group, in particular captopril, penicillmine and others inappropriate treatment of a potentially fatal disorder.
    such as rifamipicin.
    References
    In pemphigus vulgaris, autoantibodies are produced against
    1. Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology. Disease of
    desmosomes (adhesion proteins), specially desmoglein 3 skin. 6th ed. India: Elsevier; 2009. p. 816-22.
    (Dsg 3). Another important component of desmosomes is 2. Becker BA, Gaspari AA. Pemphigus vulgaris and vegetans. Dermatology
    termed desmoglein 1 (Dsg 1). The latter is the target of the Clin 1993;11:429-52.
    autoantibody formation in pemphigus foliaceus that affects 3. Shamim T, Varghese VI, Shameena PM, Sudha S. Pemphigus vulgaris
    in oral cavity: Clinical analysis of 71 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir
    the cutaneous site only. Dsg 3 is predominantly expressed in Bucal 2008;13:E622-6.
    oral epithelium while both Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 are expressed in 4. Neville D, Allen B. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Dermotological
    the skin (although Dsg 1 is expressed more intensely in the Disease. 2nd ed. Saunders; 2008. p. 664-7.
    superficial layer while Dsg 3 is found more abundantly in 5. Dagistan S, Goregen M, Miloglu O, Cakur B. Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris:
    A case report with review of literature. J Oral Sci 2008;50:359-62.
    basal and suprabasal layers). Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 are components 6. Huntley AC, et al. Pemphigus Vulgaris and Vegetating and Verrucous
    of desmosomal cadherin responsible for holding the cells of Lesions: Case Report. Dermatol Online J 2004;9.
    the epithelium together. The loss of the adhesive function 7. Fassmann A, Dvo.akova N, Izakoviaova Holla L, Vanuk J, Wotke J.

    Contemporary Clinical Dentistry | April-June 2011 | Vol 2| Issue 2 136


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    Tamgadge, et al.: Pemphigus vulgaris

    Manifestation of Pemphigus Vulgaris in the orofacial region. Case report; with significant periodontal findings: A case report. J Calif Dent Assoc
    Scripta Medica (brno) 2003;76:55-62. 2010;38:343-6.
    8. Robinson NA, Yeo JF, Lee YS, Aw DC. Oral pemphigus vulgaris: A
    How to cite this article: Tamgadge S, Tamgadge A, Bhatt DM, Bhalerao
    case report and review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33
    S, Pereira T. Pemphigus vulgaris. Contemp Clin Dent 2011;2:134-7.
    (4 Suppl);63-8.
    9. Pradeep AR, Manojkumar ST, Arjun R. Pemphigus vulgaris associated Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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    137 Contemporary Clinical Dentistry | April-June 2011 | Vol 2| Issue 2

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