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Chapter 6
Deflection of Beams
6.1 Introduction
Because the design of beams is frequently governed by rigidity
rather than strength. For example, building codes specify limits
on deflections as well as stresses. Excessive deflection of a
beam not only is visually disturbing but also may cause damage
to other parts of the building. For this reason, building codes
limit the maximum deflection of a beam to about 1/360 th of its
spans.
A number of analytical methods are available for determining
the deflections of beams. Their common basis is the differential
equation that relates the deflection to the bending moment. The
solution of this equation is complicated because the bending
moment is usually a discontinuous function, so that the
equations must be integrated in a piecewise fashion.
Consider two such methods in this text:
Method of double integration The primary advantage of the
double- integration method is that it produces the equation for
the deflection everywhere along the beams.
Moment-area method The moment- area method is a
semigraphical procedure that utilizes the properties of the area
under the bending moment diagram. It is the quickest way to
compute the deflection at a specific location if the bending
moment diagram has a simple shape.
6
2. υ⏐x=L = 0 (support prevent deflection at B) . Withυ= 0 and
x = L, Eq.(b) becomes
w0 L4
w0 L ⎛ w0 L ⎞
4 3
C2 =
0= + ⎜⎜ ⎟L + C2
⎟ 8
24 ⎝ 6 ⎠
If we substitute C 1and C2 into Eq. (b), the equation of the
elastic curve is 4 3 4
w0 x w0 L w0 L
EIυ = + x−
24 6 8
( )
w0 Answer
EIυ = − x 4 + 4 L3 x − 3L4
24
part 2
From Table B.7 in Appendix B (P521), the properties of a
W12×35 shape are I = 285 in.4 and S = 45.6 in.3 (section
modulus). From the result of part 1. the maximum
displacement of the beam is (converting feet to inches)
woL4 (400 / 12 )(8 × 12 )
4
δ max = υ = = = 0.0428 in. Answer
x =0
8 EI ( 6
)
8 29 × 10 (625)
The magnitude of the maximum bending moment, which occurs
at B, is Mmax = w0 L2/2. Therefore. the maximum bending stress is
M =
w0 L
x−
w0 x 2 ⎛ x ⎞ w0
⎜ ⎟= (
3L2 x − 4 x 3 )
4 L ⎝ 3 ⎠ 12 L
EI υ " =
w0
12 L
(
3 L2 x − 4 x 3 )
w0 ⎛ 3L2 x 2 4⎞
ELυ ' = ⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟ + C1 (a)
12 L ⎝ 2 ⎠
w0 ⎛ L2 x 3 x 5 ⎞
EIυ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + C1 x + C 2 (b)
12 L ⎝ 2 5 ⎠
The two constant can be evaluated from the following two
conditions on the the elastic curve of segment AB:
1. υ|x=0=0 (no deflection at A due to the simple support).
w0 ⎛ L2 x 3 x 5 ⎞
EIυ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + C1 x + C 2 C2 = 0
12 L ⎝ 2 5 ⎠
w0 ⎛ 3L2 x 2 4⎞
ELυ ' = ⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟ + C1
12 L ⎝ 2 ⎠
5w0 L3
w0 ⎛ 3L4 L4 ⎞ C1 =
0= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + C1 192
12 L ⎝ 8 16 ⎠
The equation of the elastic curve for segment AB:
w0 ⎛ L2 x 3 x 5 ⎞ 5w0 L3
EIυ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ − x
12 L ⎝ 2 5 ⎠ 193
EIυ = −
w0 x
960 L
(
25L4 − 40 L2 x 2 + 16 x 4 )
By symmetry, the maximum displacement occurs at midspan.
Evaluation Eq. (c) at x = L/2,
w0 ⎛ L ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
2 4
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
4
L L w L
EIυ x=L / 2
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎢25 L − 40 L ⎜ ⎟ + 16⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = − 0
2
C2 = 0 (e)
0= (3 ) − 50 (3 − 2 )3 + C 3 (3 ) + C 4
50 3
3
3C3 + C4 = -400 N·m3 (f)
3.υ’| x=2m- =υ’| x=2m+(the slope at B is continuous ).
50(2)2 + C1 = 50(2)2 + C4
C1 = C3 (g)
4.υ| x=2m- =υ| x=2m+(the slope at B is continuous ).
υ=
(50 / 3)x 2 − (400 / 3)x
= (0.8138 x 3 − 6.510 x )×10 −3 m
20.48 ×10 3
50 x 2 − 150(x − 2 ) − (400 / 3)
2
Segment BC
υ'=
20.48 × 10 3
[ ]
= 2.441x 2 − 7.324( x − 2 ) − 6.150 × 10 −3
2
υ=
(50 / 3)x 3 − 50( x − 2 ) − (400 / 3)x
3
20.48 × 10 3
[ ]
= 0.81 .38 x − 2.44 ( x − 2 ) − 6.150 x × 10 −3 m
3 3
The maximum displacement occurs where the slope of the elastic
curve is zero.This point is in the longer of the two segments,
Setting υ’= 0 in the segment AB
2.441x2 - 6.510=0 x = 1.6331 m,
υ| x=1.6331m = [0.8138(1.6133)3-6.510(1.6133)]·10-3
EI 0υ = −100(x − 3) + C3 x + C4lb ⋅ ft 3
3
(d)
The conditions for evaluating the four constants of integration
−
100 3
3
( )
6 + C1 = −300(6 − 3) + 14.7 × 103
2
( ) C1 = 19.20 × 10lb ⋅ ft 2
− ( ) ( ) (
(6) + 19.20 × 10 3 (6) + C 2 = −100(6 − 3)3 + 14.70 × 10 3 (6) − 112.7 × 10 3
25 4
)
3
C 2 = −131.6 × 10 3 lb ⋅ ft 3
The maximum deflection of the beam occurs at A, at x =0.
M
θ B / A = area of
B
diagram A
(6.8)
EI
which is the first moment-area theorem.
Second Moment-Area Theorem
Referring to the elastic curve
AB in Fig.6.5(a), we let tB/A be
the vertical distance of point B
from the tangent to the elastic
curve at A. This distance is
called the tangential deviation
of B with respect to A. To
calculate the tangential
deviation, we first determine the
contributions dt of the
infinitesimal element PQ and
B
then use tB/A = ∫ dt to add the
A
contributions of all the elements
between A and B.
As shown in the figure, dt
is the vertical distance at B
between the tangents
drawn to the elastic curve
at P and Q. Recalling that
the slopes are very small,
we obtain from geometry
dt = x’ dθ
where x’ is the horizontal
distance of the element
from B.
Sign Conventions
The following rules of sign illustrated in Fig 6.7, apply to the
two moment-area theorems:
The tangential deviation tB/A is positive if B lies above the
tangent line drawn to the elastic curve at A, and negative if B
lies above the tangent line.
t B / A = area of
M
diagram ]BA ⋅ x / B
EI
EI
‧ Calculate δB from δB =θA x - tB/A
Sample Problem 6.8
A 600-lb/ft uniformly
distributed load a applied
to the left half of the
cantilever beam ABC in
Fig. (a). Determine the
magnitude of force P that
must the applied as shown
so that the displacement at
A is zero .
EI
Using the four subareas shown in Fig. (b) to compute the first
moment of the bending moment diagram about A, ( the constant
EI cancels)
1
(8 × 8P)⎛⎜ 16 ⎞⎟ − 1 (4 × 4800)(3) − (4 × 4800)(6) − 1 (4 × 9600)⎛⎜ 20 ⎞⎟ = 0
2 ⎝3⎠ 3 2 ⎝ 3⎠
which yields P = 1537.5 lb Answer
Alternative Solution
There are other ways of drawing
the bending moment diagram by
parts. We could, for example,
replace the distributed loading
with the equivalent loading
shown in Fig. (d). The resulting
bending moment diagram by
parts in Fig. (e) has only three
parts: two parabolas and a
triangle. Setting the first moment
of the bending diagram
1
(8 × 8 P )⎛⎜ 16 ⎞⎟ − 1 (8 × 19200 )(6 ) + 1 (4 × 4800 )(7 ) = 0
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3
t C / A = area of
M
diagram ]CA ⋅ x / C
EI
Note that tC/A is position which
means that C is above the
reference tangent at A.
⎡1
⎢ 2 (3 × 300)(1.0) −
1
tC / A =
20.48 × 103 ⎣
⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
− (1.0 × 300)⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0.019531m
1
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
Assuming small slopes, we obtain from geometry of Fig.(d)
t C / A 0.019531 Answer
θA = = = 6.510 × 10 −3 rad = 0.373o
AC 3
Part 2
The tangential deviation of D relative to
A is
M
t D / A = areaof diagram AD ⋅ x / D
EI
Referring to Fig. (e) to obtain the first
moment about D of the bending
moment diagram between A and D.
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
tD/ A =
1
3 ⎢
(1.0 ×100)⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0.8138×10−3
m
20.48×10 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
From Fig.(d). we see that the displacement
at D is
Solution
Introduced a built-in
support at C and shown the
reaction at A as an applied
load. The result is two
beams that are cantilevered
from C.
The bending moment diagrams
by parts for these beams are
shown in Fig. (c).The elastic
curve of the original beam in
Fig. (d) was drawn is assuming
that the beam rotates
counterclockwise at C. The
correct direction is determined
from the sign of the tangential
deviation tA/C··
=
1
(10× 780)⎡⎢ 2 (10)⎤⎥ − 1 (6 × 900)⎡⎢4 + 2 (6)⎤⎥ = 4400lb⋅ ft3
2 ⎣3 ⎦ 2 ⎣ 3 ⎦
The positive value tA/C means
that point A lies above the
reference tangent at C, as shown
in Fig.(d). thereby verifying our
assumption. The slope angle at C
is (assuming small slopes)
θ C = t A / C / AC ,
or
4400
EIθ C = = 440lb ⋅ ft 2
10
EIδ =
(80 )(3)
[3(9)2 − 4(3)2 ] = 1035lb ⋅ ft 3 ↓
1
48
EIδ 2 =
(100 )(2) [3(9)2 − 4(2)2 ] = 946lb ⋅ ft 3 ↓
48
EIδ 1 =
w0
384
( )
5L4 − 12 L2 b 2 + 8b 4
=
600
Figure 6.12(a) through (c) 384
[4 2 2
]
5(6) − 12(6) (2) + 8(2) = 7625N ⋅ m3 ↓
4
Similarly, the midspan displacement of the beam in Fig.(c) is
EI δ 2 = (
w0 a 2
)
3L − 2a =
2 2 (600 )(1)
2
[ ]
3(6 ) − 2(1) = 662 .5 N ⋅ m 3 ↑
2 2
96 96