British expansion

British Arrival
Britain is one of the leading colonial power in

the past and now.

1. British colony has more than 80 countries where it

become British colonial territory. Until now, there are still areas that remain a British colony.
2. Malaysia was also under British empire.
Until now, the British occupation left a deep

impression on our country.

cont
Before the British arrived in Malaya, they have

established a strong presence in India.

Their position in India is a ticket for them to do

business with China.

5. Trade with China is profitable and long-term

benefit to the British.

British Arrival
8. However, China's position far to the east make it

difficult for the British trade with China. 9. At the same time, they have to face a dangerous journey because the threat of piracy in the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea. 10. Furthermore, their position in India is not very strategic. Major British ports in India are Bombay and Madras.

Bombay

Madras

Reasons
1. 2. i. ii. iii.

The British needed a port in the Malay Archipelago to China to facilitate trade. The port is intended for the supply of British merchant ships The port can also act as collectors merchandise from the Malay Archipelago. Protection from enemies and pirates. British and French competition was also one other reason why the British have alternative ports in the Malay Archipelago

LOCATION BETWEEN INDIA, CHINA AND MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

British Interference
KEDAH i. Kedah since the middle of the 17th century facing a threat from Siam. Siam wants Kedah because wants Kedah to pay tribute ufti and supplying soldiers to war with the Burmese. ii. It is some sort of Burdensome to Kedah in terms of paying the tribute ufti.

KEDAH
Therefore Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah tried

to get foreign (interference) in order to provide protection to Kedah. Therefore, he invited the British to come to Kedah with a intention to get British protection.

KEDAH
The British had come to Kedah for Penang as

early as 1770an. But negotiations for the acquisition has failed. During the reign of Sultan Abdullah (1778 1798), re-emerging threats from Siam. This forced the Sultan to consider the offer of Penang to the British for military protection.

KEDAH

Francis Light saw the opportunity as a chance to insert British presence in Penang who had longed by the British.

Sultan of Kedah had discussions with Francis

Light, who represents the British East India Company (SHTI) for British protection from the threat of Siam.

KEDAH

Sultan of Kedah, Penang offers in return for

protection given by the British. At this point, Francis Light had answered the offer by considering military assistance, but it needs time to bring this matter to BEIC. Sultan also urged to get 30 000 (paseta) as annual rent money to BEIC.

PENANG
Without giving a final decision on military aid, the British had landed and occupied Penang on August 11, 1786. 2. Meanwhile, Francis Light had informed the BEIC administration in India about the occupation of Penang WITHOUT informing them of the military aid need to be given.
1. 3.

He also informed that, 30,000 paseto should not been paid but just a smaller amounts. He acknowledges the ability BEIC who never gave military aid to anyone.

KEDAH REACTION
Sultan of Kedah became impatient waiting for help which still not arrived. Therefore, he decided to expel the British from Penang. 2. He strengthened the defenses, (especially Seberang Prai) as a preparatory step to regain Penang in early 1791. 3. British, who knows the Sultan of Kedah plan had attacked the Sultan of Kedah in advance. As a result, Kedah had been defeated. 4. The defeat occurred because the forces are not ready and British using more modern weapons
1.

PENANG
It was painful loss. Sultan of Kedah had to surrender to the British Colonial power 2. Sultan of Kedah will receive a 6000 Pesetas Spain each year. Kedah is also required to sell rice to the British in Penang to overcome the shortage of rice
1. 3.

Kedah should be independent in order to defend her country from enemies within and outside threats.

4.

With the British acquisition, the British claimed Penang as a duty free island to attract more traders.

SEBERANG PERAI

Wellesley
Acquisition of Penang brings dissatisfaction due to

some problems that often interfere with the British administration in Penang.
1. Among them is the shortage of land for agriculture

and security issues. 2. This has made the British persuaded the Sultan of Kedah submit Seberang Prai in 1800.

Cont
With the submission of Wellesley, the British have

increased the compensation to the Sultan of Kedah where 10 000 peseto per year 10 000 pesetas money is still paid to the Sultan of Kedah to this day. But the money is paid by the Penang state government instead of the British government. END

SINGAPORE
Before the advent of the British, there is a royal dispute among the Johor royal family. 2. Tengku Hussein has been set aside to be the Sultan of Johor-Riau because he did not attend the funeral of his. 3. His younger brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman crowned as the Sultan in 1812. Singapura was under Temenggongs authority known as Wilayah Pegangan
1.

POSITION SINGAPURA AND JOHOR

PULAU RIAU

THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES

1781 - 1826

SINGAPORE
5.

Stamford Raffles was sent by SHTI to explore new areas around Malay Archipelago in order to form the new British base. Penang's position in the far north made it difficult to the British to compete with the Dutch trade in the Malay Archipelago. Raffles see Singapore as the best choice after thinking about the current situation that occurred in Singapore.

6.

7.

SINGAPORE
9. Raffles was well awared of the political crisis in

the Johor Royal Family. Sultan Abdul Rahman was influenced by the Dutch. Therefore, Raffles see Tengku Hussein as a useful tool to achieve the British aims. 10. Raffles proclaimed Tengku Hussein as Sultan of Johor. After Tengku Hussein instated, Raffles uses this situation to establish Singapore as a British base and port.

SINGAPORE
11. As a result of the permission granted, Sultan

Hussein granted 5000 Spanish pesetas and Temenggong Abdul Rahman granted 3000 pesetas.

12. With the British occupation of Singapore, the

British have 2 main ports in Malaya which are; Penang and Singapore. 13. Apart from Penang and Singapore, the British also have bases in Bangkahulu (Bencoolen) in West Sumatra.

SINGAPORE
British occupation of Singapore does not mean that the British have become the absolute power. Raffles agreement with Sultan Hussein only to build the plant in Singapore. 2. Meanwhile, Sultan Hussein, who lived lavishly often face financial difficulties. At the same time, British delays the annual payment to the Sultan.
1.

SINGAPORE
3. As a result of this situation, the British had

decided to solve the problem by giving lump sum of money to the Sultan and Temenggong.
4. The annual payment is important for the British

because of Sultan Hussein always urged the British by try to raise the annual payment to him. 5. With the lump sum amount of payment, It can resolve the pressure comes from Sultan.

SINGAPORE
1.

Finally, Singapore was given to the British with a payment of 50 000 pesetas Spain. Sultan had received a total of 33 200 and the remainder obtained by Temenggong. that date. Singapore Delivery Agreement was known as the Crawfurd Treaty in 1824.

2. Singapore became a British colony since from

MALACCA
1.

In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars have erupted in Europe. This war has caused the Dutch occupied by France. Perancis.

2.

To avoid the Dutch colonial territories in the east fell into the hands of France, King of the Netherlands has issued a declaration to allow the British to take over the Dutch territories in the east during the pendency of the war ended.
As a result, the British took over Malacca and the islands of Indonesia from the Netherlands for a while until the war in Europe ended.

3.

MALACCA
4. Up to the year 1818, the British occupied Malacca.

When the war in Europe ended, the British forced to give back these territories to the Dutch.
5. It creates dissatisfaction to the British as these

Dutchs territories bring benefits to British trade.

6. British occupation in Singapore in year 1819 also

raised a protest by the Dutch as they claimed that Singapore was under Dutch territories.

MALACCA
7. As a result of this dispute, the British and the

Dutch agreed to negotiate. As a result, Treaty of London in 1824 was endorsed.

8. Among the contents of this agreement includes

the inter change between Malacca to the British and Bangkahulu to the Dutch.
9. This

agreement also divided the Malay archipelago into two areas of influence. - British and Dutch.

On 11th August 1786 Sir Francis Light capitalised on the opportunity to take possesion of Penang Island when Sultan of Kedah ask for British protection from Siam.

Perlis Kedah Penang Kelantan Perak

In 1826, the British combined these three states into one administration unit called:-

The Straits Settlements

Which later become the CROWN COLONIES of the British.
Terengganu

Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan

On 17th March 1824 The London Treaty was signed to solve the conflict between British & the Dutch in the East and to preserve each others interest. Through this treaty, the British obtained Malacca from the Dutch in exchange for Bancooleen in Sumatra.

On 6th February 1819 Sir Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore and found it to be an ideal & strategic place as a trading center. He manage to negotiated with Johor Sultanate to cede Singapore to British, in spite of violent protest by the Dutch.

Malacca Johor

Singapore

PERAK
1) In the 1870s, there was a problem of inheritance of

the throne of Perak.

2) This is because THE QUALIFIED person does not

been appointed to become the Sultan.

3) Since 1800, there was a system of succession to the

throne in order to solve the disputes.

SUCCESSION SYSTEM IN PERAK

Before 1857 SULTAN RAJA MUDA RAJA BENDAHAR A RAJA DI HILIR Sultan Muhammad Raja Jaafar Raja Ali

1857 Sultan Jaafar Raja Ali Raja Ismail

1865 Sultan Ali

1871 Sultan Ismail

Raja Abdullah Raja Abdullah Raja Ismail

Raja Yusof

Raja Abdullah

PERAK
In 1871, the problem gets worse when Sutlan

Ismail (Raja Bendahara) was appointed as a King and Raja Abdullah (Raja Muda) was excluded from the throne succession of the Sultan King Abdullah dismissed because he did not attend the funeral custom of Sultan Ali, Former Sultan of Perak. It is required to the Rulers to attend the funeral of former Sultan.. Ngah Ibrahim is the individual who plays the role in appointing Raja Ismail.

LARUT
1) The war occurred

due to competition for tin mining area in the district of Larut. [the Taiping & Kuala Sepetang]. Ghee Hin and Hai San groups, causing war peak. spreaded to Pulau Pinang. The British were forced to act because Penang was under British colony.

2) Clash between

3) This war is hardly controlled. This war even

PERAK
1) All of these problems happened in Perak

causing the British have a basis for intervention in Perak. 2) At the same time, King Abdullah, who missed the chance to become the sultan had written a letter to Sir Andrew Clarke requested that he can became king.
3) It create a valid reason for British intervention

in Perak.As a result, the Pangkor Agreement signed on January 1874.

PERAK
5) Britain has invited all the dispute parties to come

to the British ship named Pluto near the waters of Pulau Pangkor. 6) Almost all the dispute parties came except the Sultan Ismail. He did not attend because his status as the Sultan. 7) Pangkor Treaty was signed, and among the important clauses are:

PERAK
1)

Sultan Abdullah WAS ANNOUNCED AS Sultan of Perak. Sultan Ismail was announced as Sultan Muda as well as received a pension total amount is $1000. who will advise the sultan in all matters except in the affairs of the Islamic religion and Malay custom. matters.

2) Perak Sultan agreed to accept a British resident

3) Residents advices need to be obliged in all

4) Ngah Ibrahim will receive a British officer know as

Assistant Resident.

PERAK
1) The British sent an experienced officer named

JWW Birch in Perak as British Resident. In Larut, Captain Speedy was appointed as Assistant Resident.

2) British arrival has created a lot of changes with

regards to state of Perak administration. Many new laws were introduced, particularly in taxation and administrative affairs. 3) Established government departments and police stations were built.

PERAK
4) But not all the innovations introduced by the

British had received a positive response from the Perak leaders. 5) Most of the leaders lost power to collect taxes while the Sultan of Perak lost his absolute power .
6) Dissatisfaction had prompted the rise in Perak

in 1875.

SELANGOR
1)

Previously, the British had to intervene in setting the boundaries of Perak and Selangor in 1826. dispute between the Raja Mahadi and Raja Abdullah. Previously, it was dominated by Raja Sulaiman , Raja Mahadis father.

2) Klang War began in 1867 as the Klang territorial

3) The war get worse since Ghee Hin and Hai San

groups in favor of conflicting parties.

SELANGOR
Sultan Abdul Samad appoint his in law, Tunku Kudin as a mediator resolving disputes that occur in Klang. - Not so successful. 5. In 1873, there was a arm robbery near the Klang territorial water. - Eight British sailors were killed.
4.

Events that took place in Selangor is causing the British intervened to solve the problem occurred in Selangor. 7. Similar agreements like Pangkor Agreemnt was enacted between Selangor rulers with British Power.
6.

SELANGOR

SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD

TUNKU DHIAUDDIN [KUDIN]

SELANGOR
8. As a result of this agreement, J. G. Davidson was

appointed British Resident in Selangor 9. Implementation of the Resident in the Selangor state system has worked well as shown that Davidson efficient and understands the situation in the Selangor state, compared to Birch in Perak.

PAHANG

1. Before

1857, Pahang was administered by a Treasurer (Bendahara) who represented the Sultan of Johor-Riau. But there is some weakness cause by the Sultanate of Johor-Riau where they can liberate themselves from the authority of the sultanate.
legitimate ruler over Pahang State.

2. Finally the treasurer and his descendents declared as a

3. But after the death of Treasurer Wan Ali, there was

an arguments between his three sons about the succession to the throne

PAHANG
4. This argument succeeded won by Wan Ahmad.

He proclaimed himself Sultan in 1884 and appointed his son as Crown Prince. 5. Despite the pressures face by the Sultan. Sultan Ahmad still reluctant to accept British Resident.
6. But in October 1887, he had to accept a British

Consul. With the appointment of British Counsel means that Resident system cant be inserted in Pahang.

PAHANG
But on Feb 1888, there was a murder which involved British resident near Pekan Castle. With this murder, the British have used this issue as an excuse to intervene on the state of Pahang. 2. The British government in London to give permission to use force if the Sultan Wan Ahmad refused to accept a British Resident
1.

PAHANG
3. But after been persuaded by Sultan Abu Bakar,

then the Sultan tries to accept a British Resident. 4. In Oktober 1888, Sultan Wan Ahmad Sultan Ahmad Wan has agree to receive a British Resident where it has same duties as Resident in Perak and Selangor.
5. John Pickersgill Rodger was appointed the first

British Resident in Pahang.

SULTAN and THE RESIDENT

SULTAN WAN AHMAD

J. P. RODGER

NEGERI SEMBILAN
Before 1895, there was no political entity by the name of Negeri Sembilan. 2. Before that, there is migration of Minangkabau people from Sumatra to the area between the Langat River and Linggi stem.
1.

Their migration to Negeri Sembilan bring along their political entity as well as its custom and culture. For example Undang, Luak and others. 4. Luak includes: Sungei Ujong, Jelebu, Johol, Rembau, Naning, Jelai, Ulu Pahang and Segamat.
3.

NEGERI SEMBILAN
5. Conflict started when there is struggle of power

between the Dato 'Bandar and Dato' Kelana with regards in collecting taxes at the Sungai Ujong.
over the export of tin out of the Sungei Ujong.

6. The disputes between these leaders give affect 7. As a result, Chinese tin merchants (these were

British citizens) to appeal to the Governor of the Straits Settlements to intervene to solve the problems.

NEGERI SEMBILAN
1.

To protect the Britishs interest, they (most of The Chinese merchants) were in favor of the Dato 'Kelana and recognize him as the legitimate authority in Sungei Ujong.

Dato 'Bandar, who lost in the war with Dato' Kelana had been granted a pension and deported to Singapore. 3. Dato 'Kelana had accepted British authority by accepting a Assistant Resident.
2. 4.

Gradually, the British managed to put the Assistant Residents in every luak in Negeri Sembilan.

NEGERI SEMBILAN
1) Finally

after British successful inserted all Assitant Resident in every lulak. British tend to combine all the luak in the name of Negeri Sembilan where there is one ruler known as Yang di Pertuan and was assisted by Resident as the advisor. 2) In 1895, Yamtuan Antah was appointed as the Yang Besar and Martin Lister was appointed the first Resident of Negeri Sembilan.

The fight among the secret societies and succession dispute in Perak opened the door for the British to intervene.
Weaknesses were noted in the British Resident System (especially after the assassination of JWW Birch), which brought about the introduction of a new system on 1 July 1896 know as:-

Perlis Kedah
In 1873, the Larut War have made the situation so chaotic that Raja Abdullah sent a note to British asking for help to establish a good government system which brought about the PANGKOR ENGAGEMENT. This marked the beginning of British Residential System in Malaya with Perak being the 1st state to received a British Resident.

Federated Malay States (FMS)

Penang
Kelantan Perak Terengganu

In November 1873, when 8 British subjects were killed in a pirate attack, British took it as an excuse to intervene in Selangor and force it to have a British Resident.

Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca

When Sultan of Pahang wanted to sell its land to foreign power, British fell threatened and starts to look for an excuse to intervene in Pahang. In 1888, when a British citizen is murdered outside the Sultans palace, the British use this as the reason to force Pahang to received a British Resident.

The Civil war between Dato Kelana & Dato Bandar over the right to collect taxes in Linggi River opened up the door for British to intervene in Negeri Sembilan.

Johor

Singapore

KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS, KEDAH

1.

Before 1909, there four states were under Siam colony. They are required to send tribute ufti to Siam at the prescribed rates. These four states are considered as not very profitable by Siamese government and also
endured a lot of debt.

2.

3.

Siam also received strong pressure from the British to hand over there states. British fear that other powers such as Germany and France try to expand their power over these four states.

KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS, KEDAH

So, an agreement was signed in March 1909 between the British government with the Siamese. Siam agreed to hand over four states to the British. 5. With this agreement, the British would like to insert British advisor over these states which has similar power as a Resident authority same as in Perak, Pahang, Selangor and NS. 6. However, the sultan in these four countries opposed to the British idea on British advisor because they feared that they will face same problems as what happen in as PRK, PHG, SEL and NS.
4.

KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS, KEDAH

7. Another reason for the opposition due to there

rulers were not consulted with Siam or British before the agreement took placed.
8. However, the British managed to persuade the

rulers of the four states to sign an agreement to acknowledged the British domination of their states.

KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS, KEDAH

9. In contrast to the resident system, the sultan in

the four states are not required to accept the advice from the British advisers, compared to Resident system. 10. These four states were combined together and had became the Federated Malay States (Negeri Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu).
11. Compared to Federated States, they were less

controlled by British compared to PRK, PHG, SEL and NS.

JOHORE
1)

Since 1855, Johor is effectively ruled by the Royal family under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim. Bakar. Temenggong Abu Bakr, then change the his royal title to the Emperor in 1868 then turned to the Sultan in 1885. it shows significant level of modernization where he inserted either local and west value in order to develop Johor as modern sate in Malay at that time.

2) In 1862, he was succeeded by his son Wan Abu

3) Under the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar,

JOHORE
4.

In 1885, Johor received a British consul. Johor also signed a unique agreement with the British where Johor become British auspices (Negeri Naungan).

5.

In administer domestic affairs, Johor remains as a free and independent states. In addition, Johor has an efficient administrator, such as Abdul Rahman Andak dan Mohd Salleh Perang.
External affairs of the state of Johor was controlled and supervised by the British in accordance to the Agreement.

6.

JOHOR RULERS

SULTAN ABU BAKAR [1862 1895]

SULTAN IBRAHIM [1895 1959]

JOHORE
7) After the demise of Sultan Abu Bakar, his

successor, Sultan Ibrahim received tremendous pressure from the British to accept an Adviser.
8) Finally in 1914, Johor received its General

Counsel from British where it has more authority compared to British Counsel. 9) General Counsel will be a member of the Johor State Executive Council, compared with the British Consul.

JOHORE
10) Douglas Graham Campbell was appointed the

first General Counsel of Johor in 1914

11) However, the General Counsel has limited power

compared to the Resident in Perak, Selangor, NS and Pahang.

12) With the appointment of a General Counsel,

Johor was included within the Non-Federated Malay States.

British Colonization of Malaya : A Summary

British continues to rule over Peninsular Malaya under these 3 different systems until 1942 when the Japanese attacked and concurred Malaya during WWII

Perlis Kedah

Penang
Kelantan Perak Terengganu

Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor

The Straits Settlements The Federated Malay States (FMS) The Unfederated Malay States (UMS)

Singapore