SS-1065D Social Divisions and Change

Last week...
Housing and governing conduct:
Teenage pregnancy Anti-social behaviour

Homelessness

Ethnicity and housing:

Long-established BME communities

New migrants
Gypsy/Roma/Traveller

(End of last week)Gentrification

Gentrification - 'the rehabilitation of working-class and

derelict housing and the consequent transformation of an area into a middle-class neighbourhood (Smith and Williams 1981: 6) Labours Urban Renaissance Programme 2000 onwards bringing middle classes back to the city, social mixing, sustainable communities (Hodgekinson 2010, Davidson 2008, Cowan 2006) E.g. city centres + some inner city areas in Manchester, Leeds, London docklands, Liverpool etc Regeneration, cosmopolitan cities and/or displacement, exclusion, rising prices, privatisation of public spaces? Who is the right sort of cosmopolitan resident? Case study in Manchester (Young et al. 2006)

This week
What is community?
What are urban disorders? Public disorder/riots The 2011 England Riots The 2001 Riots Northern cities Community and debate on parallel lives and

community cohesion

What are communities?

Groups of people who share something in common
Willmott (1986) Communities of place Communities of interest Communities of attachment Can overlap and be connected Dependence on wider network of relationships and limit on

individualism Imagined communities e.g. nation- not face-to-face (Benedict Anderson) Social bonds and social bridges (Robert Putnam)

Ferdinand Tonnies - Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (i.e.Community and Society 1887)

Gemeinschaft community small-scale (e.g. family,

neighbourhoods) and pre-modern. Organic bonds. Order /cohesion through implicit controls (values, gossip etc). Community as the starting point doing it for the community
Gesellschaft society larger-scale (e.g. nation-state) and

comes about through urbanisation (moving to cities) and capitalism (private ownership and accumulation of wealth). Order/cohesion through explicit controls like laws, police, policies etc. Instrumental relations beneficial to self-interest of individuals to maintain group. Society as the end point doing if for oneself society benefits individuals.

Effects
Support, cohesion, sense of belonging
Exclusion, divisions, conflict Inclusion/Exclusion and Outsiders/insiders these

are relational e.g. create inclusion in community by excluding those deemed to be outsiders Especially when identities are uncertain or questioned we are like each other because we are not like them Modernity and decline of community? Or the formation of new communities? Or resistance?

Urban disorder and social conflict

What is true of London, is true of Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, is true of all great towns. Everywhere barbarous indifference, hard egotism on one hand and nameless misery on the otherand [one] can only wonder that the whole crazy fabric still hangs together (Engels The Condition of the Working Class in England 1844)

Activity
Look at the pictures on your handout Which images do you think represent urban order and disorder? Why?

Disorder
What is order? Whose order and disorder? Immorality, deviant, social conflict, lack of rules, chaos Disorderly places Disorderly people Sources of disorder
Disorder from above
Disorder through day-to-day interaction

between social groups

People e.g. sex workers

There is a historical, cultural endurance of intolerance and

hostility towards street workers fostered by a general culture of distaste and disrespect towards women who sell sex (Sanders and Campbell 2007 3) Links between high profile anti-prostitution campaigns led by residents and levels of violence against street sex workers (Kinnell 2001) The anti-sexual city: new social technologies of control applied by a range of policing agencies include a gendered and sexual dimension to enforce appropriate conduct among those considered to be sexually disordered and uncivil (Sanders 2009: 507) (See also last week on homelessness, anti-social behaviour for other examples)

Places inner-city or problem estates

Ghetto/the projects/banlieue/favela/problem

estate/inner-city Stigmatized urban residential areas Symbol of social decay, multiple deprivation and social disorganisation E.g. Moss Side Manchester 1990s Gunchester and Madchester (Mooney 1999) Residents strategies for coping, differences between people within areas People and places http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRDxDvz0bd4&fe ature=related

Urban outcasts local contexts

Urban marginality is not

everywhere woven of the same cloththe generic mechanisms that produce it, like the specific forms it assumes, become fully intelligible once one takes caution to embed them in the historical matrix of class, state and space characteristic of each society at a given epoch (Waquant 2008: 2)

Violence from above, violence from below (Wacquant)

Violence from below race riots and/or bread revolts Social divisions: ethnicity/class/poverty Political alienation Violence from above Mass unemployment Decaying neighbourhoods Stigmatization in daily life and public discourse

I dont have a job and Ill never have one. Nobody wants to help us get out of this shit. If the government can spend so much money to build a nuclear submarine, why not for the inner cities? If fighting cops is the only way to get heard, then well fight them (Teenager, Bristol, reported in The Guardian 20/7/1992)

Theories of crowds, riots and public disorder

Le Bon 19th Century France hypnotized crowd -

contagion First wave American theories of crowds (1920s Chicago school)

Robert Park social unrest passing through social

interaction Herbert Blumer elementary collective behaviour natural primitive form of social order excited mob

Second wave American theories (late 50s/60s) crowds not homogeneous (not the same) Turner & Killian collective action rational action emergent norm

Theories
Third wave American theories (late 60s/70s) Couch (1968) irrational (what is rational?), looks at planning by crowd and co-ordination McPhail (1971) - individuals vary in level of involvement and motivation 1980s UK riots Benyon, Gilroy, Lea and Young common grievance injustice, deprivation, police-community relations Flashpoints model Wadington et. al (1989) multi-causal (wider socioeconomic context, different kinds of micro relations etc)

Some examples from Century UK

1958 - Notting Hill 1979 - Southall

st 20/21

1919 and 1930 South Shields, Liverpool

1981 Brixton, Handsworth, Toxteth, Chapeltown

1985 Broadwater Farm 1990 Poll tax riot London 2001 Oldham, Burnley, Bradford 2005 Birmingham 2011 England Riots

The England Riots - Early August 2011

Protest in response to police

handling of shooting of Mark Duggan Disorder/riot begins Saturday 6th August, 2011 Tottenham, North London Spreads to other parts of London and other cities 6-10th August Violence, looting, clashes with police Differences in patterns between areas

Statistics
Correlation does not necessarily mean causation http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/interactive/2011/aug/10/po

verty-riots-mapped Almost two-thirds of the young people lived in one of the most deprived areas compared with only 3% from one of the least deprived areas. Low educational achievement In courts (who is found? Who is arrested?) A fifth were aged 10 -17 and 31% were 18 -20, but also some in 30s and 40s 73% had previous caution or conviction (77% of adults did and 55% of juveniles did - so 45% of juveniles first time) 90% male and 10% female Offences: Burglary (44%), violent disorder (27%) Multi-racial

Explaining the riots

Remember: 1. Speculation/opinion/commentary
Journalists Academics

Community workers, politicians, Police, general public,

etc

2. Findings based on empirical research (i.e.

surveys, analysis of data on convictions, interviews with those involved and affected etc) different kinds of research NOT THE SAME

The August Riots: Understanding the involvement of young people study

Typology of involvement Watchers:
Bystanders: happened to be there The curious: deliberately chose to be there

Rioters: Protesters: had a specific set of grievances Retaliators: acted against police or the system Thrill-seekers: looking for excitement or a buzz Looters: Opportunists: took a rare chance to get free stuff Sellers: planned their involvement to maximise profits Non-involved: Wannabes: would have liked to be involved Stay-aways: chose not to get involved

Key factors influencing behaviour

Motivations linked to benefits Something exciting to do Opportunity to get free stuff A chance to get back at police Making choices Beliefs about right and wrong Assessing risks

Factors facilitating or inhibiting involvement

Situational factors: group processes, locality, rapid

flow of information, what young person was doing, what friends where doing, what authorities were doing Personal factors: criminal history, experience of police, attitude to power & authority, job prospects and aspirations Family and community factors: family attitudes, attachment to community Societal factors: having a stake in local community, youth provision, poverty and materialism

Reading the Riots

Detroit Riots 1967
The Guardian + the London School of Economics Aim to speak to rioters and their families to research

causes and consequences of riots Also analyse Twitter messages about the riots Findings not out yet

Activity
Read extract from sociologist Zygmunt Baumans

blog comments on the England Riots What is his argument? Do you agree/disagree? Why?

Northern towns 2001 riots

Oldham - May tensions between Asian + white residents, reports

of racially motivated crimes against whites and no go areas, media reporting of these , BNP campaigns and National Front, Stoke City football supporters attack Asian businesses, 26 May white YP attacks Asian YPs, escalate into wider disorder Burnley June perceived that council gives preferential treatment to Asian residential areas, politics moves to the right BNP and by-election, outside Burnley FC - group of white men attack Asian shops and arson, Asian men attack pub + fire bomb escalates wider disorder. Most arrested are white (different to Bradford and Oldham) Bradford - July In May BNP leader addresses meeting, NF plan march in July, Anti-Nazi league rally Centenary Square, fights between Asian and white youth in town centre, conflict between Police and Asian young men, criticism of policing, criticism of the length of sentences given to rioters

Aftermath of the riots

The beginning of the end of official multiculturalism

(Bagguley + Hussain 2008) Community cohesion agenda Key themes:

Criminalization of Muslim men of Pakistani and

Bangladeshi descent constructions in media, political debate and some academic analysis (similarities to debate about black criminality in the 1980s (Bagguley & Hussain 2008) Parallel lives debate spatial and social segregation The role of the far right British National Party

Paul Gilroy ethnicity and criminality

The possibility of a direct relationship

between ethnicity, black culture and crime is an altogether different and more complex issueI am concerned here with the history of representations of black criminality andwith the elaboration of the idea that black law-breaking is an integral part of black cultureobsessive concern with black law-breaking has come to sit at the centre of contemporary racist though (Gilroy 2002: 89).

Parallel lives
Unlike class, income or lifestyle, residential clustering of minority

ethnic communities attracts debate 19th Century anti-semitic discourses cultural aliens in Londons East End 1970s concerns over ghettos Birmingham council try policy of dispersing black tenants. Race Relations Act 1976 + 1980s antiracism discredits this. Social Exclusion Unit 1998 Tony Blair doesnt mention ethnic minority communities much 2001 disturbances Local enquiries Ted Cantle (2001) and Community Cohesion Review Team - The Cantle Report Community Cohesion used phrase Parallel Lives Trevor Philips (2005) After 7/7:Sleepwalking to segregation speech

Spatial segregation?
University of Manchester - demographic research based on UK

Census data show more complex picture. Increased ethnic diversity rather than concentration alone. Dispersal away from original immigrant settlement areas. The most concentrated and isolated ethnic group is White. Some reclustering. Simpson (2004) residential dispersal taking place in Bradford + other areas, but less visible in context of new migration and reproduction By 2000, 10% of Muslims in Bradford were living in the more affluent suburban areas (Philips 2004) Migration and residential dispersal over time : Irish, South Asian, African Caribbean (Johnson et al. 2002) Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations social class and differentiation in settlement patterns within ethnic groups - Phillips (1998) and Ratcliffe et al. (2001)

A problem? For whom?

Americanization - Ghettos (Lois Waquant and Urban

Outcasts) UK and difference from the US contexts 2001 urban disorders in Northern towns Community Cohesion agenda shared values, citizenship, belonging, nation Spatial segregation choices -constraints model, structure and agency Housing conditions (Ratcliffe 2004, Phillips 2004) Is it not the very essence of social inclusivity (even from a basic human rights perspective) that citizens have the right to choose their place of abode? (Ratcliffe 2004: 71)

British Muslims in Phillips study (2004)

Yes, it's better to have a good healthy mix of people.

You learn a lot. It's a much better environment. If I moved, that is what I would want ... .When I bought the house in this area [Bradford 9], there was a good balance of English and Asian families. The English moved out slowly afterwards. I think they have a very sheltered view of the Pakistani community and don't want to get to know them. It's a shame. I would prefer to live with people with a varied cultural background.'

 I went to look at a house [in the suburbs] last week ...

135,000, on my salary. Am I dreaming ... ? I've got to be realistic ... . For me to move out of the inner-city I'd have to work for another ten years without spending a penny. Everything is here, our culture, our shops, mosque ... and the best thing about this area [Manningham]: no racism. It's not a matter of can I go into this area and blend with these people ... it doesn't work like that ... they [the housing department] on purpose divide you, they keep you divided.' Dad tells stories about the seventies and about the eighties, how they used to go out and be dominated by white people so there is still that fear ... living in this area [Manningham], I feel there is more stability for him.

Activity
Read the extract from Trevor Phillips speech After

7/7 Sleepwalking to Segregation What argument does he make? What do you think about his speech in light of the evidence from studies discussed in the lecture?

Summary
Communities of place, interest and attachment
Disorder people and places Disorder for who and why?

Riots: National, local, micro factors Historical and social contexts Links and similarities but also particular contexts and times

Next week
Hate crime:
Read: Nathan Hall chapter on Defining Hate Crime

on Blackboard in Hate Crime folder. Also would be good to read executive summary of study Situating Racist Hostility or Hidden in Plain Sight if you have time

References
Bagguley, P. & Hussain, Y. (2008) Riotous Citizens: Ethnic conflict in

mulitcultural Britain, Aldershot: Ashgate. Benyon, J. & Solomos, J. (eds.) (1987) The Roots of Urban Unrest, Oxford: Pergamon Press. Couch, C. J. (1968) Collective Behaviour: An examination of Some Stereotypes, Social Problems 15, 310-22 Gilroy, P. (2002) There Aint No Black in the Union Jack Kinnell, H. 2001 Murderous Clients and Indifferent Justice. Violence Against Sex Workers in the UK, Research for SexWork 4, www.med.vu.nl McPhail, C. (1971) Civil Disorder Participation: A critical examination of recent research, American Sociological Review, 36, 1058-73. Morrell, G. (2011) The August Riots in England: Understanding the involvement of young people, London: Natcen (prepared for the Cabinet Office)

References
Sanders, T (2009) Controlling the Anti-Sexual City:

Sexual Citizenship and the Disciplining of Female Sex Workers. In Special issue Urban safety, anti social Behaviour and the Night-time Economy Criminology and Criminal Justice 9 (4) Sanders, T.L.M.; Campbell, R. (2007) Designing out vulnerability, building in respect: violence, safety and sex work policy. The British Journal of Sociology, 58(1) Wacquant, L. (2008)Urban Outcasts, Cambridge: Polity Press. Waddington et al. (1989) Flashpoints: studies in public disorder, London: Routledge.