QUALITY FOOD, QUALITY LIFE

FOOD

OBTAIN ENERGY

NUTRIENTS Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals GROWTH DEVELOPMENT HEALTH

India Densely populated Nation

LOT OF FOOD IS REQUIRED MORE LAND

CULTIVATION

INDIAINTENSIVELY CULTIVATED

NEED FOR BETTER METHODS TO IMPROVE FOOD PRODUCTION & QUALITY OF CROPS IN ALREADY CULTIVATED LAND

GREEN REVOLUTION
Before 1965, there was famine in many parts of India. Therefore Government decided to use Fertilizers,Better methods of irrigation & High yielding variety of seeds .

To improve food production

Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug, an American agronomist

FATHER OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

WHITE REVOLUTION
In 1970, Indian National Dairy & Development Board (NDDB) started OPERATION FLOOD To make milk grid to make milk available in plenty Now, India has become the largest producer of milk and milk products. Anand Milk Union Limited [ AMUL] was the driving force behind this movement.

Prof. Verghese Kurien Chairman of the NDDB

FATHER OF WHITE REVOLUTION

BETTER CROP YIELDS

Cereals Pulses Oilseeds

Rice, Wheat, maize. Gram, Black gram,green gram, Pea,lentil. Soyabean,Groundnut, Mustard ,sesame etc

Fruits, Vegetables, Spices

Fodder Crops

Rhodes grass, Barseem, sudan grass

livestock

What is CROP ???

Defined as Plants of same variety Particular place Same time & on large scale.

DIFFERENT CROPS

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE PHOTOPERIODS SEASON SPECIFIC

CULTIVATION includes several activities done by Farmers. These activities are spread over a period of time.

Modern Techniques of Farming

PROTECTION OF CROPS

BETTER variety of seeds

Hybridization
Technique of cross breeding two different varieties of crop plants each having the desired characteristics

To obtain new variety having a combination of desired characteristics.

hybrid seeds
Higher yields Better quality Better resistance to diseases & pests Short period of maturation

High yielding variety (hyv)

EXAMPLES OF HYBRID VARIETIES

RICE

JAYA T 141 SONALIKA ARJUN SONARA 64

WHEAT

BETTER CARE OF CROP PLANTS

Yield of crop
Cropping pattern
Method of irrigation Nutrients added to the soil

NUTRIENTS ---FOOD FOR PLANTS

16 Elements

MICRONUTRIENTS

MACRONUTRIENTS

IRON ZINC CHLORINE

CARBON OXYGEN HYDROGEN NITROGEN CALCIUM SULPHUR PHOSPHORUS MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM

MANGANESE
BORON COPPER MOLYBDENUM

Repeated cultivation Decreases primary nutrients Therefore, to make up the deficiency of nutrients in soil

it has to be enriched by required nutrients in the form of MANURES & FERTILIZERS.

What is Manure
Product obtained by decomposition ANIMAL Plant residue Human waste

Organic matter
1] Enriches soil & adds humus to the soil 2] Enhances the fertility of soil

What is Fertilizer
Is a Compound containing primary plant nutrients

Nitrogen, Potassium & Phosphorus

Good vegetative growth, healthy plants

FERTILIZER TYPE NITROGENOUS EXAMPLE Ammonium sulphate,Urea, Ammonium nitrate Super phosphate, Ammophos, Ammonium phosphate Potassium chloride, Potassium sulphate, Potassium nitrate

PHOSPHATIC

POTASSIC

FERTILIZERS
ADVANTAGES Soluble in water & easily absorbed by the plants. It is compact and concentrated. Easy to handle.

DISADVANTAGES
Continuous use makes the soil infertile. Reduces the organic matter content of soil. Harms the natural microbial flora of the soil.

Therefore, there is
Implementation of ORGANIC FARMING

It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers , pesticides etc. System uses organic manures, recycled farm wastes & biological agents to enhance fertility of soil & pest control.

IRRIGATION
Agriculture in India is dependent on the monsoons. BUT, rains in our country are not consistent. Poor monsoons cause crop failure.
TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM, Alternative source of water IRRIGATION

The method of supplying water to crops through canals,wells, reservoirs, tube-wells etc. is called as IRRIGATION.

CROPPING PATTERN

Mixed cropping or

Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously on same piece of land. Example - Wheat.+gram,wheat +mustard, etc. Crop failure decreases.

Crop rotation

Growing different crops on the same piece of land alternately. e.g.-pulses are grown in between seasons of cereals. 2-3 crops grown together.

INTERCROPPING
IS METHOD OF MIXED OR MULTIPLE CROPPING

Inter - Cropping
Is a method of growing crops wherein two or more crops are grown simultaneously on the same piece of land in a particular pattern.
Example Soyabean, + maize + tur

Their nutrients are different.So, there is maximum utilization of nutrients.

Protection of crops before & after HETEROTROPHS harvesting

Crops in the field

PESTS, WEEDS & DISEASES

Unwanted plants which grow in the field along with crop plants. Example are grasses, wild oats.
1.Take up nutrients, Organisms which cause Moderate to heavy damage of standing crop. e.g. birds, insects, mites, aphids, rodents, ticks 2.Compete for food, space, light.

PESTS

HOW TO PROTECT THE CROPS FROM PESTS?

2 METHODS

Chemical Control

Biological Control

Methods to control pests

Chemical Control Method Biological Control Method

Pests are destroyed using pesticides. Chemicals used to destroy pests. Spraying of pesticides by Hand-operated machine or sprayer. Fumigation & dusting are methods of using pesticides.

Certain birds, insects or other living organisms are deliberately let out in fields. Destroy pests selectively & save the crops.

Slow process, does not pollute environment.

Interesting Fact
In California, Orange orchards were infested by a pest called as Scale insects.. The attack was bad enough to damage the citrus fruits and plants.

Australian ladybirds were let loose in these orchards. These destroyed all the scale insects in about two years and save the plants & fruits.

Diseases of plants
CROP
BAJRA RICE WHEAT BANANA TOMATO

NAME OF THE DISEASE

ERGOT LEAF SPOT RUST BUNCHY TOP WILT

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM
FUNGUS FUNGUS FUNGUS VIRUS BACTERIA

Storage of Food Material

Necessary to ensure safe storage of food materials

Availability throughout the year

Does stored food grains or food stuffs get spoiled? How?

Stored food-grains / food stuff can be damaged by 2 factors.

2 FACTORS

ABIOTIC FACTORS

BIOTIC FACTORS

DAMAGE OF FOOD
BIOTIC FACTORS ABIOTIC FACTORS

Rodents, Birds, Other animals Insects, Worms, Microbes Action of enzymes THEREFORE

Temperature Moisture content of food Humidity of surrounding

Safe and proper storage of grains, pulses,fruits & vegetables is essential.

Large quantities of food grains are stored in warehouses known as GRANARIES

The FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA (FCI) is one of the biggest granaries in india.

The branch of agriculture which deals with

FEEDING , SHELTER, HEALTH AND BREEDING of domestic animals.

It is the Scientific and Systematic management of livestock .

Animal husbandry practices includes: .

1] Proper feed and clean drinking water. 2] Proper shelter. 3] Proper methods for breeding. 4] Prevention and cure of diseases.

CATTLE FARMING

Indian varieties

For milk
MILCH ANIMALS

Draught labour: Tilling ,irrigation, carting.

DRAUGHT ANIMALS

Hybrid varieties yield

Bos indicus (cows)

Bos bubalis ( buffaloes)

milk

Resistance to diseases.

HYBRID VARITIES SELECTED AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Lal Khandhari, Devani, Killari, Dangi

Approximately 5-6litres of milk can be obtained from Indian cow per day. BUT, hybrid varieties yield nearly 10-12litres milk/day.

CARE: 1.
2.

Sheltered - well-ventilated roofed shed. Sloping floor----- To stay dry and clean.

FOOD: A) Nutritive diet Carbohydrates, proteins, fats , vitamins, minerals. B) Roughagelargely and water.. C) Food additives containing micronutrients promotes health, milk output.

DISEASES: May cause death, reduce milk production. EXTERNAL: Live on the skin--- skin diseases. PARASITES INTERNAL: WORMS(stomach), intestines, flukes-(liver) Bacteria, virus--- infectious diseases & prevented by VACCINATIONS.

egg
LAYERS

Domestic fowl ---- Chicken meat

BROILERS

Rhode Island

&

LEGHORN (EXOTIC)

NEW VARIETIES

Number & quality of eggs &chicks.

White leghorn lays200 to 250 eggs per year.

NUTRITION:

Protein & vitamin rich food given to Increase their weight.

VACCINATIONS

Reduces attack by virus, fungi, bacteria, parasites

PREVENTS OUTBREAK OF DISEASES .

&

Nutritional deficiencies.

A major sources of food.

Rearing of fish on a large scale ----- PISCICULTURE PLACE IS --- NURSERY OR HATCHERY. Natural : Pond, lake, canal. Fish farming Sometimes done with a crop plant--paddy

Capture: Nets, fishing boats. Caught using special fishing boats or mechanized boats
called as fishing trawlers.

BEE-KEEPING:

APICULTURE

HONEY BEE---- Honey-nutritive value and bees wax. Seen in buildings, fields, forests. Technique of rearing honey bees at commercial level for the Production of honey APICULTURE
RECTANGULAR CONTAINERS APIARY ,

These have frames for the bees to build hives They collect nectar and convert it into honey.

Apiaries ----khadi and village industry commision. They provide guidance and financially.
Needs low investments.

Farmers use it as additional income.

Honey is easily absorbed in the blood.

It is a medium for administering drugs---AYURVEDA SYSTEM

Indian bee
Rock bee Little bee

Apis cerana

Apis dorsata

Apis florae