GSM Fundamentals & RF Survey: Telecom Tutorials

Telecom Tutorials
GSM Fundamentals & RF Survey
www.tempustelcosys.com
Thursday, November 28, 2013
Basic Telecom concepts Various Wireless Technologies Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm. GSM Network Architecture GSM channel Architecture Call Flows in GSM GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Signaling Traffic
Off Hook Dial Tone Dialing Digits RBT Conversation
SWITCH / EXCHANGE
Ring Off Hook & Conversation

www.tempustelcosys.com Thursday, November 28, 2013
Alternative means of wireless communication

Walkie - Talkie Pagers Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
MSC
BTS
BTS
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology. Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)

U.K. standard on 900 MHz band Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
GSM - 900 The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in any 900 MHz band. P-GSM - 900
P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz
890 915 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 935 960 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink) E-GSM - 900 In some countries, GSM-900 is allowed to operate in part or in all of the following extension band. E-GSM-900 (Extended GSM-900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the extension band : 880 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 925 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink) R-GSM-900 R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the following extension band: 876 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 921 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink) GSM-1800 Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz 1710 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink) 1805 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
Telecom Service Providers/Operators

GSM CDMA Basic-WLL Internet Services Long Distance
Vendor Telecom Consultancy
End of 1980s Analog Systems unable to meet continuing demands

Severely confined spectrum allocations Interference in multipath fading environment
Incompatibility among various analog systems

Inability to substantially reduce the cost of mobile terminals and infrastructure required
Spectrum space - most limited and precious resource

Solution - further multiplex traffic (time domain) Can be realized with Digital Techniques only
1979
1982 1986 1988 1990

1991
1992
Europe wide frequency band reserved for Cellular Groupe Speciale Mobile created within CEPT GSM had full time in Paris ETSI takes over GSM Committee The phase 1 GSM Recommendations frozen GSM Committee renamed Special Mobile Group and GSM renamed as Global System for Mobile Communication GSM launched for commercial operations
A cellular system links Mobile subscribers to Public

Telephone System or to another Mobile subscribers. It removes the fixed wiring used in a traditional
telephone installation.
Mobile subscriber is able to move around, perhaps can travel in a vehicle or on foot & still make & receive call.
CONSIDERATIONS FREQUENCY SUBSCRIBER DENSITY COVERAGE
Base Station Base Station Base Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Cellular Radio involves dividing a large service area into regions called
cells. Each cell has the equipment to switch, transmit and receive calls. Cells - Reduce the need of High powered transmission
Cells - Conventionally regarded as being hexagonal, but in reality they are

irregularly shaped. Cell shape is determined by the nature of the surrounding area e.g. Hills , tall building etc.
Large Cells 35 Km Remote Areas
Small Cells Near about 1 KM Urban Areas Low Transmission Power Many Subscribers
High Transmission Power

Few subscribers
Coverage
Percentage of the geographical area covered by
cellular service where mobile telephony is available
Capacity Number of calls that can be handled in a certain
area within a certain period of time. Capacity can also refer to the probability that users will be denied access to a system due to the simple unavailability of radio channels.
Each Cell in the Cellular Network consists of one or more RF carriers. An RF carrier is a pair of radio frequencies One used in upward direction by MS - Uplink Other used in downward direction by BTS - Downlink The transmit and receive frequencies are separated by a gap of 45 MHz in GSM of 75 MHz in DCS. There are 124 carries in GSM Band. With each carrier carrying 7 timeslots, only 124 x 7 = 868 calls can be made! Frequency Reuse is the solution
Ful(n) = 890.0 + (0.2) *n MHz Fdl(n) = Ful + 45 MHz

where n =ARFCN ; 1 n 124
890
915
935
960
duplex distance: 45 MHz
1710
1785
1805
1880
duplex distance: 95 MHz
FDMA
Power
TDMA
Power
CDMA
Power
FDMA: AMPS & NAMPS Each user occupies a private Frequency, protected from interference through physical separation from other users on the same frequency TDMA: IS-136, GSM Each user occupies a specific frequency but only during an assigned time slot. The frequency is used by other users during other time slots. CDMA Each user occupies a signal on a particular frequency simultaneously with many other users, but is uniquely distinguishable by correlation with a special code used only by this user
Three types of frequency reuse patterns 7 Cell reuse pattern 4 cell reuse pattern 3 cell reuse pattern
c2 c1 c3 b1 b3 a1
b2
a3
Cell Re-use
2 7
D
6 5 4
Omni Directional Cells

120 degree Sectors 60 Degree sectors
Carriers
Each Sector in a Site has its own allocation of Radio
Advantage
achieved
By frequent reuse of frequency more capacity can be
b2 b1
a2
OMNI CELL
1 ANTENNA
b3 a3 a4
120O CELLS
3 ANTENNAS
a1 a6 a5
60O CELLS
6 ANTENNAS
Hard Handoff Analog, TDMA and GSM
Soft Handoff CDMA
Break before Make
Make before Break

Compatibility
Noise Robust Increased Capacity & Flexibility
Use of Standard Open Interfaces

Improved Security & Confidentiality Cleaner Handovers Subscriber Identification ISDN Compatibility Enhanced Range of Services
MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile Station
CC NDC
98 XXX
SN
12345
MSRN : Mobile Station Roaming No
IMSI : Network Identity unique to a SIM

3 2 digits MCC digits MNC 10 digits MSIN
TMSI : Identity unique in a LAI
404
XX
12345
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station
TAC
6 digits
FAC
2 digits
SNR
6 digits 1 digit
BSC
OML
OMC OM
C
BTS BT BTS BT
VMSC VMS
HLR HL AUC C AU
A
BTS BT TRAU
S
BTS BT
S
BTS BT
S
BTS BT
MSC MS
S
BTS BT
R VLR VL R
BC
C EIR EI R
SMSC SMS
S
BTS BT
S
MS
BSC
B C
PSTN
Mobile Station consists of two parts-
Mobile Equipment (ME)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) ME
Hardware e.g. Telephone, Fax Machine, Computer.

SIM Smart Card which plugs into the ME.
Class
1 2 3 4 5
Power O/p
20 W 8W 5W 2W 0.8 W
Typical Settings
IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

Transmitted over Air Interface on initialization Permanently stored on SIM card 15 digit Decimal
MSISDN 10 digit number to which a subscriber is being called. PIN (Personal Identification Number)
Four digit PIN

An internal security to Protect the SIM from illegal use. Card blocks itself after three wrong entries
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Periodically changed by the System instances like location update etc. Reason for use of TMSI To prevent a possible intruder from identifying GSM users, TMSI is used Management on
Management
Assignment, Administration & Updating is performed by VLR.
BSS (Base Station System) BSC (Base Site Controller) BTS (Base Transceiver Station) XCDR (Transcoder)
XCDR
Network Switching System (NSS)
BSC
BTS
Converts 64 Kbps PCM circuits from MSC to 16 Kbps BSS circuits. Each 30 channel 2 Mbps PCM link can carry 120 GSM - specified voice channels.
BSC Conveys information to/from BTS Connects terrestrial circuits & Air Interface Channels Controls handovers between BTSs under itself BTS Contains RF Hardware Limited control functionality 1 - 6 carriers in a BTS Cabinet 7 - 48 simultaneous calls per BTS
Collocated BTS Remote BTS Star Configuration Daisy Chain BTS Loop Configuration
BSC
BTS B T S
BTS All BTS on 1 E1 BSC BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
NSS (Network Switching System)

MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)

EIR (Equipment Identity Register) AUC (Authentication Centre) IWF (Interworking Function) EC (Echo Canceller)
MSC Call Switching Operation & Management Support Internetwork Interworking
Collects call billing data

Gateway MSC MSC which provides interface between PSTN & BSSs in the GSM Network.
Reference database for the Subscriber profilesSubscriber ID (IMSI & MSISDN) Current VLR Address
Supplementary Services subscribed

Supplementary Service Information Subscriber Status (Registered/deregistered)
Authentication Key and AUC functionality

TMSI MSRN
Temporary Data, which exists as long as the subscriber is active in a particular Coverage area. Contains the followingMobile Status (Busy/ Free/ No Answer/etc.) Location Area Identity (LAI) TMSI
MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number)
Um Abis A B C D E F G H
MS BTS BSC MSC MSC VLR MSC MSC VLR HLR
- BTS - BSC - MSC - VLR - HLR - HLR - MSC - EIR - VLR - AUC
AUTHENTICATION CIPHERING REGISTRATION CALL ESTABLISHMENT HANDOVER / HANDOFF ROAMING
Access Network Microwave 15 /23 GHz Backbone Network
Microwave 7 GHz
Optical Fibers Leased Line( From Dot or any other service provider on any media)
Physical Channel Logical Channel Physical Channel
Physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried.

Logical Channel Logical channels consists of the information carried over the Physical Channel.
3
3 T 57 encrypted 1 26 1 S training S 577S 57 encrypted 3 T 8.25 GP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA Frame
Control Channels
BCH ( Broadcast channels ) Downlink only
CCCH(Common Control Chan) Downlink & Uplink
DCCH(Dedicated Channels) Downlink & Uplink
BCCH
Broadcast control channel
Synch. Channels
RACH
Random Access Channel
CBCH
SDCCH
Cell Broadcast Channel
Standalone dedicated control channel
ACCH
Associated Control Channels
FCCH SCH
Synchronization channel
Frequency Correction channel
PCH/ AGCH
FACCH
SACCH
Paging/Access grant
Fast Associated Control Channel
Slow associated Control Channel
BCH channels are all downlink and are allocated to timeslot zero.
Channels are:
FCCH: Frequency control channel sends the mobile a burst of all 0 bits which allows it to fine tune to the downlink frequency SCH: Synchronization channel sends the absolute value of the frame number (FN), which is the internal clock of the BTS, together with the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel sends radio resource management and control messages, Location Area Code and so on.
Some messages go to all mobiles, others just to those that are in the
idle state
CCCH
contains all point to multi-point downlink channels (BTS to
several MSs) and the uplink Random Access Channel:

CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel is an optional channel for general information such as road traffic reports sent in the form of SMS PCH: Paging Channel sends paging signal to inform mobile of a call
RACH: Random Access Channel is sent by the MS to request a

channel from the BTS or accept a handover to another BTS. A channel request is sent in response to a PCH message. AGCH: Access Grant Channel allocates a dedicated channel
(SDCCH) to the mobile

NCH: Notification Channel informs MS about incoming group or broadcast calls
SDCCH( Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ) Uplink and Downlink Used for call setup, location update and SMS. SACCH( Slow Associated Control Channel )
Used on Uplink and Downlink only in dedicated mode.

Uplink SACCH messages - Measurement reports. Downlink SACCH messages - control info.
FACCH( Fast Associated Control Channel )

Uplink and Downlink. Associated with TCH only.
The Time Slots are arranged in a sequence , conventionally numbered 0 to 7. Each repetition of this sequence is called a TDMA Frame. The information content carried in one time slot is called a burst.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FRAME 1 FRAME 2
GUARD PERIOD
Information TAIL BITS
Training Sequence
Information TAIL BITS
GUARD PERIOD
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms = BURST PERIOD
MS 1 2
CHANNEL REQUEST DCCH ASSIGN SIGNALLING LINK ESTABLISHED RACH
BSS
MSC
VLR
HLR
PSTN EIR
AGCH
CR
3
4 5 6 7
REQUEST FOR SERVICE SDCCH

AUTHENTICATION SET CIPHER MODE
CC
SET-UP
EQUIPMENT ID REQUEST
SDCCH
Call Info
COMPLELTE CALL CALL PROCEEDING
BSS MS SDCCH
SDCCH (channel) FAACH (TCH)
MS C
VLR HLR PSTN EIR
9 ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
ASSIGNMENT COMPLELTE INITIAL & FINAL ADDRESS (IFAM) ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE (ACM) ALTERING 10 MS HEARS RINGTONE FROM LAND PHONE
(circuit)
FACCH
ANSWER(ANS)
Hello!
FACCH FACCH
11 CONNECT
RING TONE STOPS
CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE
TCH
BILLING STARTS
Various steps are listed below

CW survey Model Tuning Nominal Planning RF site Surveys Realized Planning Frequency Planning
Implementation Optimization
Drive Testing Performance Analysis
It consists of planning a set of sites on planning tool so as to predict the coverage of the target area Tool needs to be made intelligent so as to predict the coverage as close as possible to actual coverage Coverage plots are based on customer intension of providing indoor and outdoor coverage
It consists of planning a set of sites on planning tool so as to predict the coverage of the target area Tool needs to be made intelligent so as to predict the coverage as close as possible to actual coverage Coverage plots are based on customer intension of providing indoor and outdoor coverage
Clutter types
Dense Urban Urban Sub Urban Rural Water Vegetation Industrial Forest
Each nominal has a search ring defined by the RF Planner Candidates needs to be identified as close as possible to the nominal within the search ring Height, orientations & antenna placement at site are the key RF parameter which are based upon the coverage requirement in the area Major obstructions and clutter type in various directions to be observed on RF survey
Equipment required for RF Survey

GPS Digital Camera Binoculars Magnetic Compass Measuring Tape
There might be 3 or more candidates surveys for one site Each candidate would have an RF survey form and panoramic associated with it

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Telecom Tutorials

GSM Fundamentals & RF Survey

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Ring Off Hook & Conversation

Alternative means of wireless communication

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Total Access Communication System (TACS)

Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Telecom Service Providers/Operators

Vendor Telecom Consultancy

Thursday, November 28, 2013

End of 1980s Analog Systems unable to meet continuing demands

Incompatibility among various analog systems

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Spectrum space - most limited and precious resource

Thursday, November 28, 2013

1982 1986 1988 1990

Thursday, November 28, 2013

A cellular system links Mobile subscribers to Public

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

CONSIDERATIONS FREQUENCY SUBSCRIBER DENSITY COVERAGE

Base Station Base Station Base Station

Base Station Base Station

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Cells - Conventionally regarded as being hexagonal, but in reality they are

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Large Cells 35 Km Remote Areas

High Transmission Power

Thursday, November 28, 2013

cellular service where mobile telephony is available

Capacity Number of calls that can be handled in a certain

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Ful(n) = 890.0 + (0.2) *n MHz Fdl(n) = Ful + 45 MHz

duplex distance: 45 MHz

duplex distance: 95 MHz

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Omni Directional Cells

Each Sector in a Site has its own allocation of Radio

By frequent reuse of frequency more capacity can be

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Hard Handoff Analog, TDMA and GSM

Soft Handoff CDMA

Break before Make

Make before Break

Use of Standard Open Interfaces

MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile Station

MSRN : Mobile Station Roaming No

IMSI : Network Identity unique to a SIM

TMSI : Identity unique in a LAI

IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Mobile Station consists of two parts-

Mobile Equipment (ME)