CONSTRUCTION OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The induction motor essentially consists of two parts: Stator Rotor (i) The squirrel-cage rotor (ii)The wound (or slip ring) rotor.

STATOR

The supply is connected to the stator and the rotor received power by induction caused by the stator rotating flux, hence the motor obtains its name induction motor. The stator consists of a cylindrical laminated & slotted core placed in a frame of rolled or cast steel.

The frame provides mechanical protection and carries the terminal box and the end covers with bearings.

ROTOR
The rotor consists of a laminated and slotted core tightly pressed on the shaft. There are two general types of rotors: The squirrel-cage rotor The wound (or slip ring) rotor. In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding and for the same number of poles is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft.

ADVANTAGES Its simple High Reliability Low cost High Efficiency Less maintenance

DIS-ADVANTAGE
Speed is not constant when load varied Low starting torque compared to DC shunt motor Reduction in efficiency when speed is varied

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Low Starting Torque No Slip Rings, Brush, Gears Cheaper Minimum Maintenance
Higher Efficiency No Speed Control Needs Starter Higher Starting Current

Higher Starting Torque Extra Slip Rings , brush ,gear Higher Cost Higher Degree Of Maintenance Lower Efficiency Speed Controlled Can Be Started Directly Lesser Starting Current

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
3 PHASE SUPPLY GIVEN TO STATOR WINDING CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH STATOR WINDINGTHIS IS STATOR CURRENT. PRODUCES MAGNETIC FIELD BETWEEN STATOR AND ROTOR.

MAGNETIC FIELD ROTATES AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED EMF IS INDUCED INTERACTION OF STATOR AND ROTOR DEVELOPS TORQUE TORQUE ROTATES IN SAME DIRECTION AS ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD FREQUENCY OF ROTOR EMF IS EQUAL TO SUPPLY FREQUENCY AS ROTOR SPEED INCREASES > FREQUENCY OF ROTOR EMF AND MAGNITUDE OF ROTOR EMF DECREASES.

ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

In an induction motor rotor speed is always less than the synchronous speed. Therefore this machine is called asynchronous machine. SLIP SPEED The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is called slip speed. Slip speed = Ns- N Slip = (Ns- N)/Ns N= Ns(1-S) % slip = [(Ns- N)/Ns]X 100

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

Advantage Cheaper Light Weight Higher Efficiency Less Maintenance Disadvantage Moderate Starting Torque Starting Torque Cannot Be Controlled Applications Used In Lathes, Drilling Machines, Fans, Blowers, Water Pumps, Grinders, Printing Machines

SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Advantage Starting Torque Can Be Controlled By Varying Rotor Circuit Resistance Speed Of Motor Can Also Be Controlled By Varying Rotor Circuit Resistance Disadvantage Wound Rotor Machine Is Heavier High Cost High Rotor Inertia High Speed Limitation Maintenance And Reliability Problem Due To Brushes And Slip Rings Applications Lifts , Cranes , Elevators , Compressors Etc.

SLIP FREQUENCY

Frequency Of Rotor Induced Emf In An Induction Motor Is Equal To The Product Of Slip And Supply Frequency. This Is Called As Slip Frequency.

fr = [Relative speed in rpm] / [120/p] = [Ns - N] / [120/p] Slip, S = [Ns - N] / Ns Ns N = S Ns = S X (120 f /P) Rotor frequency, fr = S X (120 f /P) X (P/ 120) fr = Sf

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR PARAMTERS

Rotor Frequency Magnitude Of Rotor Induced Emf Rotor Reactance Rotor Power Factor

Rotor Current

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR FREQUENCY

Ns = 120 f /P f= Frequency of supply in Hz Slip, S = [Ns - N] / Ns S= fr / f => fr = S f

At starting s=1 hence rotor frequency is same as supply frequency.

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR INDUCED EMF

When rotor is standstill, S= 1 E2 = rotor induced emf/phase on standstill condition E2r= rotor induced emf/phase on running condition E2 Ns while E2r (Ns - N) E2r / E2 = (Ns - N) / Ns where, (Ns - N) / Ns = S E2r / E2 = S E2r = S E2
Magnitude of induced emf in rotor also reduces by slip times the magnitude of induced emf at standstill condition

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

R2 = Rotor resistance/phase on standstill X2 = Rotor reactance/phase on standstill

fr= f X2 = 2 fr L2 = 2 f L2 /ph Running condition, fr= S f X2r= 2 fr L2 = 2 f S L2 = S . (2 f L2) X2r = S X2

Resistance as independent of frequency remains same at standstill and in running condition Rotor reactance decreases by slip times the rotor reactance at standstill

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR POWER FACTOR

As the rotor winding is inductive, rotor pf is always lagging in nature Impedance triangle on standstill rotor condition,
Cos 2 = R2 / Z2 = R2 / +

Impedance triangle on running condition, Cos 2 = R2 / Z2r = R2 / +

EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR CURRENT I2 = Rotor current/phase on standstill condition I2 = E2 per phase / Z2 per phase I2 = E2 / +

I2r= Rotor current/phase on running condition

I2r = E2r per phase / Z2r per phase

I2r = SE2 / + Value of slip depends on speed in turn depends on load on motor