FRACTURE MECHANICS

CRACK ??
FRACTURE ??? MECHANICS OF MATERIAL/STRENGTH OF MATERIAL ??

ASSUMPTION

HOMOGEN CONTINUE ISOTROPI

CASES
1800 1870 : Accidents were caused by Fractures of wheel, axle, rails (Great Britain). 19th March 1830 : Montrose Suspension Bridge. Main chain gave way 700 persons killed. 22nd January 1866 : A portion of roof of the Manchester railway station fell. 2 men death. Caused by failure of cast iron struts connected. 13th December 1898 : The failure of a large gas tank in New York. 3th January 1913 : A high pressure water burst at Boston flooded the district February 1866 : Boiler explosions Most of serious railway accidents POOR DESIGN

Fracture mechanics

LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS (LEFM) * BEBAN ELASTIS == FATIGUE

ELASTIC PLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS * BEBAN PLASTIS

STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR (Kt)

RADIUS OF FILLET r/D r/D<<< = Kt >>> Notch stress (notch)>>> notch = Kt x unnotch/ n Bagaimana kalau r ~ 0, D = constant r/D = 0/D ~ infinite = crack/retak Crack # notch/hole Kt = faktor pengendali konstruksi yang ada notch

SOURCES OF STRESS CONCENTRATED

IMPURITY,VACANCY,DISLOCATION,GRAIN BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE WELD DEFECT HOLE FOR RIVET, BOLT

DONT CONSIDER TO AVOID FRACTURE, BUT CONSIDER TO CONTROL FRACTURE IN DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR.

What is CRACK????

Notch yang r ~ 0 Alat kontrolnya bukan lagi Kt K1 , K2 atau K3 (factor intensitas tegangan/ stress intensity factor) K = MODUS I , tension K = modus II, sliding
I II

KIII = modus III, tearing

Expected highest service load

Crack size Residual strength Design strength

Expected highest service load Normal sevice load

Failure may occure

failure

Cycles/time

Crack size, time

FRACTURE/PATAH
AWAL RETAK/CRACK INITIATION CRACK PROPAGATION FINAL FRACTURE

Others 23 %

Static fracture 13%

corrosion burst 3% SCC 5%
CORROSIO FATIGUE ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE 11 %

TOTAL 242

SIMPLE FATIGUE 58%

77% FATIGUE
Others 10
Wire rope 8

Thermal Fatigue 8%

Cast 15
Gear

90 % Welded part Stress concentratio

18

Pulley,roll 28

242
Key, atc 56

77

Bolt 32

MODE OF FRACTURE

Mixed Mode I & II I & III

FRACTURE MECHANICS PARAMETERS

y

K = v.

a f (a/w) K = stress insity factor a = crack size f(a/w) = shape factor

Fracture toghness
Kc is fracture toughness value/ nilai ketangguhan retak K ~ Kc === patah/fracture K < Kc == crack propagation/menuju patah a ~ ac (critical size) patah K = K max K min K max = max V . a f (a/w) K min = min V . a f (a/w)

da/dN

III Unstable

I. Crack initiation II II. Propagation III.Final/static fracture Stable crack I Kth K

Kc properties Fracture toughness value

Crack propagation (da/dN

PARIS LAW

da/dN = C ( K)m K = stress intensity range C , m = the material constant K = K max K min

CRACK PROPAGATION
P
a P1>P2>P3
P2 P1 b a P3

da/dN (log scale)

t
da dN

da/dN = C (K)m

N(cycles) K = (a)^1/2 f(a)

K (log scale)

P
P max
+ P

R=0 R = -1

t(time)

P min