1.

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS
The physical aspects of any fluid flow are governed by three fundamental principles:
A) Mass is conserved;
B) Newton's second law (force = mass x acceleration); and
C) energy is conserved.

Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics
that
uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid
flows.
Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of
liquids and
gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions.
2. Governing Equations
All of CFD, in one form or another, is based on the fundamental
governing equations of fluid
dynamicsthe continuity, momentum, and energy equations
They are the mathematical statements of three fundamental physical
principles upon which all of
fluid dynamics is based:
1. Mass is conserved.
2. Newton's second law, F = ma.
3. Energy is conserved
Finite Control Volume
Let us imagine a closed
volume drawn within a finite region of the flow. This volume defines a
control volume "V~; a
control surface S is defined as the closed surface which bounds the volume.
The control volume
may be fixed in space with the fluid moving through it, as shown in figure
in next slide.
Alternatively, the control volume may be moving with the fluid such that
the same fluid particles are always inside it, as shown at the right of Fig.
2.2a. In either case, the control volume is a reasonably large, finite region
of the flow

Physical Boundary Conditions

FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID-
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear
stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases,
plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.

Properties of fluid- In addition to the properties like mass, velocity, and
pressure usually considered in physical problems, the following are the
basic properties of a fluid-
1.DENSITY
2.SPECIFIC WEIGHT
3.RELATIVE DENSITY
4.VISCOSITY
5.REYNOLDS NUMBER

Types of Fluids-
Fluids can be classified into four basic types. They are:
1. Ideal Fluid
2. Real Fluid
3. Newtonian Fluid
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid

FLUID DYNAMICS
In physics, fluid dynamics is a sub discipline of fluid mechanics that
deals with fluid flowthe natural science of fluids (liquids and gases)
in motion. It has several sub disciplines itself, including aerodynamics
(the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the
study of liquids in motion).


Equations of fluid dynamics
Conservation laws-
Three conservation laws are used to solve fluid dynamics problems,
and may be written in integral or differential form. Mathematical
formulations of these conservation laws may be interpreted by
considering the concept of a control volume.
A control volume is a specified volume in space through which air can
flow in and out. Integral formulations of the conservation laws consider
the change in mass, momentum, or energy within the control volume

Conservation of momentum
In the integral formulation of this equation, body forces here are
represented by fbody, the body force per unit mass. Surface forces,
such as viscous forces, are represented by F(surf) , the net force due
to stresses on the control volume surface.

The differential form of the momentum conservation equation is as
follows. Here, both surface and body forces are accounted for in one
total force, F. For example, F may be expanded into an expression for
the frictional and gravitational forces acting on an internal flow

Conservation of energy: Although energy can be converted from one
form to another, the total energy in a given closed system remains
constant.

Types of Flow
Compressible & incompressible
Viscous vs inviscid flow-
Steady vs unsteady flow
Laminar vs turbulent flow

The Internal Combustion Engine
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in
which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-
stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the
six-stroke piston engine. A second class of internal combustion
engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engine sand
most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines
on the same principle.

DIESEL ENGINE
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer
(usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the
expansion of the high temperature and high-pressure gases produced
by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine.
The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle.
This force moves the component over a distance, transforming
chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.
The image on the left shows a p-V diagram for
the ideal Diesel cycle; where ispressure and is
specific volume. The ideal Diesel cycle follows
the following four distinct processes (The color
references refer to the color of the line on the
diagram.):
Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression of the
fluid (blue)
Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure
heating (red) Process 3 to 4 is isentropic
expansion (yellow)
Process 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume
cooling (green)
Maximum thermal efficiency
Factors Affecting Efficiency of Diesel Engine
Inefficient combustion
Friction of moving parts
Heat loss from the combustion chamber
Departure of the working fluid from the thermodynamic properties of an
ideal gas
Aerodynamic drag of air moving through the engine
Energy used by auxiliary equipment like oil and water pumps
Inefficient compressors and turbines
Imperfect valve timing
Real diesel engine cyclic processes
Inlet and Exhaust System
Four-stroke engines The four-stroke engine of Figure 1.17 is assumed
to be of the naturally aspirated type, with the inlet and exhaust
manifold pressures approximately constant and equal to atmospheric
pressure.