RESERVOIR ROCK

PROPERTIES
RESERVOIR ROCK
P0ROSITY
APE-1 APE-2
LECTURE-03 12.08.2014
POROSITY
Storage capacity of medium
An exclusive rock property
Expressed in Fraction or %
Statistical property based on
the rock volume*.
Used for resave estimate.
Effects hydrocarbon recovery
Part of the total porous rock volume which is
not occupied by rock grains or ne mud
rock, acting as cement between grain
particles.
* If the selected volume is too small the calculated
porosity can deviate greatly from the true value
* If the volume is too large the porosity may deviate
from the real value due to the influence of
heterogeneity.
Physically following types of porosity can be
distinguished:
Inter granular porosity.
Fracture porosity.
Micro-porosity.
Vugular porosity.
Intra granular porosity.
Utility wise following types of porosity can be
distinguished:
Absolute Porosity Effective Porosity
Characteristics of Porous Media
Geometric character of rock
inter granular intra granular
fractured.
Mechanical properties of rock
consolidated
unconsolidated
Heterogeneity
Models of Porous Media
1. Represented by Parallel Cylindrical Pores*
Idealized Porous Medium
where r is the pipe radius and mn is the number of cylinders contained in the bulk volume.
12.08.2014
14.08.2014
2. Represented by Regular Cubic-Packed Spheres
where V
m
is the "matrix volume or the volume of bulk space
occupied by the rock.
3. Represented by Regular Orthorhombic -Packed Spheres
Where h is the height of the orthorhombic-packed spheres .
The matrix volume is unchanged. And thus,
4. Represented by Regular Rhombohedral -Packed Spheres
Where h is the height in the tetrahedron and is given by

5. Represented by Irregular - Packed Spheres with
Different Radii
Real reservoir rock exhibits a complex structure and
a substantial variation in grain sizes as well as their
packing , which results in variation of porosity and
other important reservoir properties , often related
to the heterogeneity of porous medium.
By drawing a graph with radii of the spheres plotted
on the horizontal axis and heights equal to the
corresponding frequencies of their appearance
plotted on the vertical axis ,one can obtain a
histogram of distribution of particles (spheres) in
sizes.
EXAMPLE
Porosity: relations/presentation
Porosity = x 100
Pore volume
Bulk volume
1
2
1
Pore volume, Bulk volume
Bulk volume, Grain volume
Pore volume, Grain volume
Utility limits of porosity
The effective porosity of rocks varies
between less than 1% to 40%.
It is often stated that the porosity is:
(a)Low if < 5%
(b)Mediocre if 5% < < 10 %
(c)Average if 10%< < 20 %
(d)Good if 20%< < 30 %
(e)Excellent > 30%
Physical Impacts
1. Porosity and hydraulic conductivity
Normally Porosity can be
proportional to hydraulic
conductivity: two similar
sandy aquifers, the one
with a higher porosity
will typically have a
higher conductivity *
*Grain size decreases the proportionality between pore throat radii
and porosity begins to fail and therefore the proportionality
between porosity and hydraulic conductivity fails
Example: Clays typically have very low hydraulic conductivity (due to their small
pore throat radii) but also have very high porosities (due to the structured
nature of clay)which means clays can hold a large volume of water per
volume of bulk material, but they do not release water rapidly as they have
low hydraulic conductivity.

2. Sorting and porosity
Grains of approximately all one size materials
have higher porosity than similarly sized poorly
sorted materials which drastically reducing
porosity.
3. Consolidation of rocks
Consolidated rocks have more complex porosities
Rocks have decrease in porosity with age and
depth of burial
There may be exceptions to this rule, usually
because of thermal history.
1. Primary porosity :
The original porosity of the system
2. Secondary porosity
A subsequent or separate porosity system
in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity
of a rock.
This can be a result of chemical leaching
of minerals.
This can replace the primary porosity or
coexist with it (see dual porosity below).
Types of geologic porosities
3. Fracture porosity
This is porosity associated with a fracture
system or faulting.
4. Vuggy porosity
This is secondary porosity generated by
dissolution of large features (such as
macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving
large holes, vugs , or even caves.
5. Open porosity
Refers to the fraction of the total volume in
which fluid flow is effectively and excludes
closed pores .

6. Closed porosity
Fraction of the total volume in which fluids
or gases are present but in which fluid flow
can not effectively take place and includes
the closed pores.
7. Dual porosity
Refers to the porosity of two overlapping
reservoirs -fractured rock , leaky aquifer
results in dual porosity systems.
8. Macro porosity
Refers to pores greater than 50 nm* in
diameter. Flow through macropores is
described by bulk diffusion.
9. Meso porosity
Refers to pores greater than 2 nm and less
than 50 nm in diameter. Flow through
mesopores is described by diffusion.
10 Micro porosity
Refers to pores smaller than 2 nm in
diameter. Movement in micropores is by
activated diffusion.



* 1.0 10
-7
centimetres

Measurement of Porosity

Well Logs
Core Analysis
In situ
Surface
POROSITY DETERMINATION
FROM LOGS

A wire line truck with a spool of logging
cable is setup so that the measuring equipment
can be lowered into the wellbore.
The logging tools measure different
properties, such as spontaneous potential and
formation resistivity, and the equipment is
brought to the surface.
The information is processed by a
computer in the logging vehicle, and is
interpreted by an Formation engineer or
geologist.
The basic setup of logging process
Well Log
SP Resistivity
OPENHOLE LOG EVALUATION
A decrease in radioactivity from the
gamma ray log could indicate the
presence of a sandstone formation.
An increase in resistivity may indicate
the presence of hydrocarbons.
An increase in a porosity log might
indicate that the formation has porosity
and is permeable.
Interpretation
Oil sand
Gamma
ray
Resistivity Porosity
Increasing
radioactivity
Increasing
resistivity
Increasing
porosity
Shale
Shale
POROSITY DETERMINATION BY LOGGING
POROSITY LOG TYPES
Bulk density
Sonic (acoustic)
Compensated neutron

Formation lithology
Nature of the Fluid in pores.
Essential Requirements
Density log, the neutron log*,
and the sonic logs do not
measure porosity. Rather,
porosity is calculated from
measurements such as electron
density, hydrogen index and
sonic travel time.
* A precallibrated Neutron log directly provides
limestone porososity in carbonates.
CORES
Allow direct measurement of reservoir
properties
Used to correlate indirect measurements,
such as wire line/LWD logs
Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
Used to predict borehole stability
Used to estimate probability of formation
failure and sand production
Following equation is used:






On a sample of generally simple geometric form, two of the
three values V
p
, V
s
and V
T
are therefore determined.
The standard sample (plug) is cylindrical, Its cross section
measures about 4 to 12 cm
2
and its length is varies between
2 to 5 cm.
The plugs are first washed and dried.
The measuring instruments are coupled to microcomputers
to process the results rapidly.




ESTIMATING POROSITY FROM
CORE ANALYSIS
A. Measurement of V
T

(a) Measurement of the buoyancy exerted by mercury on the sample
immersed in it
APPARATUS The apparatus has a frame C connected by a
rod to a float F immersed in a beaker
containing mercury.
A reference index R is Fixed to the rod. A
plate B is suspended from the plate.
(a) First measurement: the sample is placed
on plate B with a weight P1 to bring R in,in
contact with the mercury.
(b) Second measurement: the sample is
placed under the hooks of float F, and the
weight P2 is placed on plate B to bring R in to
contact with the mercury.
If Hg is the density of mercury at
measurement temperature. Then:

V
T
V
T
Method:
Without a sample using the piston,
mercury is pushed to mark, indicated on the reference valve (V).
The vernier of the pump is set at zero.
With the sample in place, the mercury is again pushed to same
mark. The vernier of the pump is read and the volume V
T
is
obtained.
The measurement is only valid if mercury does not
penetrate into the pores.
The accuracy is 0.01 cm
3
.
(b) Use of positive
displacement pump
V
T
M
(c) Measurement:
The foregoing methods are unsuitable if the rock
contains fissures or macro pores, because
mercury will penetrate into them.
Here a piece of cylindrical cores diameter d
and height h can be measured using sliding
caliper:



B. Measurement of V
S
Measurement of the buoyancy exerted on the sample by
a solvent with which it is saturated.
V
S
by immersion method
The method is most accurate but difficult
and time consuming to achieve complete
saturation. The operations are normally
standardized.
The difference between the weights of sample in air (P
air
)
and the solvent in which it is immersed (P
immersed
) gives
V
S
as :
Regardless of specific apparatus used i.e. singe cell or double
chamber, the sample is subjected to known initial pressure by
gas, which was originally at atmospheric pressure.
The pressure is then changed by varying the volume of gas in
chamber.
The variation in volume and pressure are measured by using
Boyles law.
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

The equipments using single cell and double are shown in
next slide.

(b)Use of compression chamber and Boyle law
1 is chamber for core
2 is constant volume chamber
3 is core
4 & 5 is pressure manometers
6 is source of gas
1 is chamber for core
2 is core
3 is volume plunger
4 is pressure gauge
Use of compression chamber and
Boyle law
Use of single cell Use of double cell
1
2
3
4,5
6 2
4
3
1
b. Measurement by weighing a liquid filling the
effective pores
This liquid is often brine
c. Measurement by mercury injection
In this case the mercury never totally invade the
interconnected pores. Hence the value obtained
for the parameter is under par.
a. Measurement of air in the
pores
The mercury positive displacement pump is used for
this purpose. After measuring V
T
,the valve of the
sample core holder is closed and the air in the
interconnected pores is expanded. The variation in
volume and pressure are measured using Boyles law
C. Determination of V
P

Fluid Summation Method
The method involves the analysis of a FRESH
sample containing water, oil and gas.
The distribution of these fluids is not the
same as in the reservoir. because the core
has been invaded by the mud filtrate and
decomposed when pulled out.
Still/but the sum of the volumes of these
three fluids, for a unit volume of rock, gives
the effective porosity of the sample.
The total volume is determined by mercury
displacement pump.
(1) V
P
= V
w
+

V
O
+ V
G

(1) S
w
+

S
O
+ S
G
= 100%





Special Method :Determination of V
P

Relation of Fluid Summation and porosity

S
w
= V
w
/ V
P

S
O
= V
o
/ V
P

S
G
= V
G
/ V
P
ELECTRICAL METHOD
Formation Resistivity Factor
Formation Resistivity Factor : is the ratio of
the resistivity of clean formation(core sample)
fully saturated with brine to the resistivity
observed with brine solution of same salinity. i.e.
F.F. = R
o
/ R
w
Where
R
o
= Resistivity of clean formation sample fully
saturated with brine of specific salinity,
R
w
= Resistivity of brine of same salinity
(without core)
1
Formation Resistivity Factor : is also
related to the POROSITY by Archie
Equation given as under:
FF = a/
m

Where
a = Tortuosity Factor
(Path Complexity)
m= Cementation Factor
(Grain Size)
Higher is the value of a higher is the
value of m .
2
a
m
Formation
Resistivity
Factor :
is also greatly
effected by
over burden
pressure and
in turn with
POROSITY.
3
POROSITY AVERAGING
If the Bedding planes show large variations in
porosity vertically then arithmetic average porosity

The thickness - weighted average porosity is used
to describe the average reservoir porosity.

If porosity in one portion of the reservoir to be
greatly different from that in another area due to
sedimentation conditions, the areal weighted
average

The volume-weighted average porosity is used to
characterize the average rock porosity.
1
3
4
2
averaging techniques are expressed
mathematically in the following forms:
Arithmetic average
Thickness-weighted average
Areal-weighted average
Volumetric-weighted average
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
POROSITY APPLICATIONS
APPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE POROSITY
For a reservoir with an areal extent of A
acres and an average thickness of h feet
Bulk volume = 43,560 Ah, ft
3
OR

= 7,758 Ah, bbl
The reservoir pore volume PV in cubic feet :
PV = 43,560 Ah, ft
3
The reservoir pore volume PV in bbl is given as :
PV = 7,758 Ah, bbl
Porosity Distribution (Histogram)
The multiple sampling of porosity measurements for
reservoir rocks at different depths and in different
wells gives a data set that can then be plotted as a
histogram , to reveal the porositys Frequency
distribution.
Such histograms may be constructed separately for
the individual zones, or units, distinguished within
the reservoir, and thus give a good basis for
statistical estimates
(mean porosity values, standard deviations, etc.).
APPLICATION
1. Zone Analysis
Histogram
Simulation of uid ow
in porous media,
require a realistic
picture of the rock
porosity
The grouping of
porosity data according
to the reservoir zones,
depth variation or
graphical co-ordination,
yield spatial trends.
2. Reservoir Simulation
Trends of porosity
distribution in the
depth proles of
two reservoir sand
stone.
Mechanical digenesis
(compaction)/ chemical
digenesis (cementation)
have a profound effect
on a sedimentary rocks
porosity. This burial
effect is illustrated by
the two typical
Examples of sand and
clay deposits,
3. Sediment compaction
Development of a bulk and realistic
picture of the reservoir to evaluate -
Early Reserves Estimates Exploration
leads Expected Recoveries, well
treatments , IOR and EOR
Boundaries of
Sand ridges are
shown as separate
units / porosity
zones - numbered
as zone 1 , zone2,
zone3 and zone 4,
indicating their
areal extent.
4. Exploration leads
REMARKS
Rock at reservoir conditions is subject to overburden
pressure stresses, while the core recovered at surface
tends to be stress relived; therefore laboratory
determined porosity values are generally expected to
be higher than in-situ values.
If
R
represent porosity at reservoir condition,
L
be
porosity at reservoir condition, rock compressibility as
C
p
(V/V/psi) and net overburden pressure as P
N
( over
burden pressure fluid pressure) psi; then we may
use the following relation:
ENGINEERING
UPES
DEHRADUN
LECTURE-03 A
RESERVOIR
POROSITY
ROCK
EXERCISES
The grain volume of rock sample of
1.5 dia and 5.6 cm length was found
to be 56.24 cc and bulk volume of the
sample using mercury displacement
method was measured 73.80 cc.
If dry weight of the sample is149.88
gms, find the grain density. Calculate
the pore volume and porosity of the
sample.
Example 1
SOLUTION -1
*Pore volume = Bulk volume-Grain volume
=73.80 56.24=17,56 cc
*Porosity,% =(Pore volume/bulk volume) x
100
=(17.56/73.80)X100 = 23.79%
*Grain density=Dry weight of sample/Grain
volume
= 149.88/56.24
= 2.665 gms/cc
Example-2
Weight of the dry sample in air is
20.0gms.
The weight of the sample when
saturated with water is 22.5gms.
Weight of saturated sample in water
at 40 degree F is 12.6 gms.
Find the Bulk volume.

SOLUTION-2
Weight of the water displaced
= 22.5- 12.5= 9.9gms
Volume of water displaced
=9.9/1= 9.9cc
Will be the bulk volume of the sample.
Example-3
A core sample immersed in water has
its weight in air as 20gms
Dry sample when coated with paraffin
weighs 20,9 gms (density of paraffin
being 0.9gm/cc).
If weight of the immersed sample in
water at 40 F be given as 10 gms.
Find the bulk volume of core sample.
SOLUTION -3
Weight of the paraffin=20.9-20.0=0.9gms
Volume of paraffin=0.9/0.9=1cc
Weight of water displaced=20.9-10.0
=10.9gms
Volume of water displaced= 10.9/1.0
=10.9cc
Therefore bulk volume of rock will be:
Volume of water displaced volume of
paraffin=10.9-1=9.9cc
EXAMPLE- 4
Determine the total porosity of
sample when the grain density is
2.67 gms/cc.
Weight of the dry sample in air is 20
gms.
Bulk volume of the sample is 9.9cc
SOLUTION -4
*Grain volume of the sample
= Weight of dry sample in
air/Sand density
=7.5
* Total porosity=
(Bulk volume-grain volume)/Bulk
volume X 100
=(9.9 7.5)/ 9.9 X 100
= 24.2%

Example -5
Calculate the weight of 1 m
3
of
Sand stone of 14% porosity.
Given that the sand density is
2.65 gm/cm
3

Volume of sand stone BV
s
=1m
3
Porosity(PV) =14%
Density of sand grains=2.65.
BV= PV + GV
GV = BV - PV
= 1- 0.14 = 0.86 m
3
W
s
= Density of sand grains x GV
=2.65gm/cm
3
x 0.86 x 10
6
gm
=2.279 x 0.86 x 10
6
gm

SOLUTION-5
Example-6
A petroleum reservoir has an areal
extent of 20,000 ft
2
and a pay
thickness of 100ft.The reservoir rock
has a uniform porosity of 35%. Find
the pore volume of this reservoir
Pore volume
= 7758 Ah bbl.
=7758 x 20,000 x 100 x 35/100
=54306 x 10
5
bbl.
SOLUTION - 6
Example 7
An oil reservoir exists at its bubble-point
pressure of 3000 psia and temperature of
160F. The oil has an API gravity of 42 and
gas-oil ratio of 600 scf/STB. The specific
gravity of the solution gas is 0.65. The
following additional data are also available
Reservoir area = 640 acres
Average thickness = 10 ft
Connate water saturation = 0.25
Effective porosity = 15%
Calculate the initial oil in place in STB.
SOLUTION - 7
Step 1. Determine the specific gravity of the
stock-tank oil as 0.8156
Step 2. Calculate the initial oil formation volume
factor as 1.306 bbl /STB
Step 3. Calculate the pore volume
= 7758 (640) (10) (0.15) = 7,447,680 bbl
Step 4. Calculate the initial oil in place Initial oil in
place = 12,412,800 (1 - 0.25)/1.306 = 4,276,998 STB
Example 8
Calculate the arithmetic average and
thickness-weighted average from the
following measurements
Solution -8
Porosity = void volume soil volume
Porosity = 0.3 cubic meters 1.0 cubic meters
Porosity = 0.3
LECTURE-03 B
ROCK
POROSITY
DENSITY LOGS
Radioactive source is used to generate
gamma rays
Gamma ray collides with electrons in
formation, losing energy
Detector measures intensity of back-
scattered gamma rays, which is
related to electron density of the
formation
1
Electron density is a measure of
bulk density
GR
API 0 200
CALIX
IN 6 16
CALIY
IN 6 16
RHOB
G/C3 2 3
DRHO
G/C3 -0.25 0.25
4100
4200
DENSITY LOG
Caliper
Density
correction
Gamma ray
Density
DENSITY LOGS: PRINCIPLE
Bulk density,
b
, is dependent upon:
Lithology
Porosity
Density and saturation*of fluids in
pores
* Saturation is fraction of pore
volume occupied by a particular
fluid
BULK DENSITY
Bulk density varies with lithology
Sandstone 2.65 g/cc
Limestone 2.71 g/cc
Dolomite 2.87 g/cc
f ma b
1
Matrix
Fluids in
flushed zone
POROSITY FROM DENSITY LOG
Porosity equation
xo h xo mf f
S 1 S + =
f ma
b ma
Fluid density equation

mf
is the mud filtrate density, g/cc

h
is the hydrocarbon density, g/cc
S
xo
is the saturation of the flush/zone, decimal
Fluid density (
f
) is between 1.0 and 1.1.If gas is
present, the actual
f
will be < 1.0 and the
calculated porosity will be too high.
Where
Formation (
b
)
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Mud cake
(
mc
+ h
mc
)
Source
Actuality
1. Minimizing the influence of the mud column
Efficiency
i) Source and detector, mounted on a skid,
are shielded
ii) The openings of the shields are applied
against the wall of the borehole by means
of an eccentering arm
2. A correction for due to mal instrument contact
and formation or roughness of the borehole wall
The use of two detectors is advisable to over come
this problem.
3. Account for all of the effects of borehole breakouts,
washouts, and rugosity
Working equation (hydrocarbon zone)

b
= Recorded parameter (bulk volume)
| S
xo

mf
= Mud filtrate component
| (1 - S
xo
)
hc
= Hydrocarbon component

V
sh

sh
= Shale component
1 - | - V
sh
= Matrix component

DENSITY LOGS
If minimal shale, V
sh
~ 0
If
hc
~
mf
~
f
, then

b
= |
f
- (1 - |)
ma


f ma
b ma
d
|
d
= Porosity from density log, fraction

ma
= Density of formation matrix, g/cm
3

b
= Bulk density from log measurement,
g/cm
3

f
= Density of fluid in rock pores, g/cm
3

hc
= Density of hydrocarbons in rock pores,
g/cm
3

mf
= Density of mud filtrate, g/cm
3

sh
= Density of shale, g/cm
3

V
sh
= Volume of shale, fraction
S
xo
= Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded
by mud filtrate, fraction
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
BULK DENSITY LOG: EXAMPLE
Bulk Density
Log
RHOC
1.95 2.95
NEUTRON LOG
2
Uses a radioactive source to
bombard the formation with
neutrons
For a given formation,
amount of hydrogen in the
formation (i.e. hydrogen
index) impacts the number of
neutrons that reach the
receiver
A large hydrogen index
implies a large liquid-filled
porosity (oil or water)
TOOL
PRINCIPLE
Logging tool emits high energy neutrons into
formation.
Neutrons collide with nuclei of formations atoms
Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision of
hydrogen atom.
The most energy is lost when colliding with a
hydrogen atom nucleus
Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be captured
by nuclei.
Capturing nuclei become excited and emit
gamma rays

ACTIVITIES
1. Depending on type of logging tool either
gamma rays or non-captured neutrons are
recorded
2. Log records porosity based on neutrons
captured by formation
3. If hydrogen is in pore space, porosity is
related to the ratio of neutrons emitted to
those counted as captured
Neutron log reports porosity, calibrated assuming
calcite matrix and fresh water in pores, if these
assumptions are invalid we must correct the neutron
porosity value
REMARKS
Theoretical equation
where
| = True porosity of rock
|
N
= Porosity from neutron log
measurement, fraction
|
Nma
= Porosity of matrix fraction
|
Nhc
= Porosity of formation saturated with
hydrocarbon fluid, fraction
|
Nmf
= Porosity saturated with mud filtrate,
fraction
V
sh
= Volume of shale, fraction
S
xo
= Mud filtrate saturation in zone
invaded by mud filtrate, fraction
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
POROSITY FROM NEUTRON LOG
Neutron
Log
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
If the lithology is sandstone or dolomite
EXAMPLE

lithology is
sandstone
or
dolomite
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
These logs are usually borehole
compensated (BHC) where in effects at
hole size changes as well as errors due
to sonde tilt is substantially reduced..
system uses two transmitters, one above
and one below a pair of sonic receivers
The travel time elapsed between the
sound reaching the receiver is recorded
and used for porosity calculations.
3
Upper
transmitter
Lower
transmitter
R
1

R
2

R
3

R
4

ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG:TOOL
Tool usually consists of one sound
transmitter (above) and two
receivers (below)
Sound is generated, travels
through formation
Elapsed time between sound wave
at receiver 1 vs receiver 2 is
dependent upon density of medium
through which the sound traveled.
When one of the transmitters is pulsed, the sound wave
enters the formation, travels along the wellbore and
triggers both of the receivers; the time elapsed
between the sound reaching each receiver is recorded.

Since the speed of sound in the sonic sonde and mud is
less than that in the formations, the first arrivals of
sound energy the receivers corresponds to the sound-
travel paths in the formation near the borehole wall.

The transmitters are pulsed alternately, and the
differential time or delta t readings are obtained and
averaged. This leads the tool is compensated for tilt.
BHC METHODOLOGY
Lithology Typical Matrix Travel
Time, At
ma
, sec/ft
Sandstone 55.5
Limestone 47.5
Dolomite 43.5
Anydridte 50.0
Salt 66.7
COMMON LITHOLOGY MATRIX
TRAVEL TIMES USED
MODIFICATION
If V
sh
= 0 and if hydrocarbon is
liquid (i.e. At
mf
~ At
f
), then
At
L
= | At
f
+ (1 - |) At
ma

or
ma f
ma L
s
t t
t t
|
s
= Porosity calculated from sonic
log reading, fraction
At
L
= Travel time reading from
log, microseconds/ft
At
ma
= Travel time in matrix,
microseconds/ft
At
f
= Travel time in fluid,
microseconds/ ft
DT
USFT 140 40
SPHI
% 30 10
4100
4200
GR
API 0 200
CALIX
IN 6 16
EXAMPLE: ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
Sonic travel time
Sonic
porosity
Caliper
Gamma
Ray
SONIC LOG:TIME RESPONSE
The response can be written as follows:
f ma log
t 1 t t
ma f
ma
t t
t t

= |
log
t
log
= log reading, sec/ft
t
ma =
the matrix travel time, sec/ft
t
f
= the fluid travel time, sec/ft
| = porosity
Sonic log - measures the slowness of a
compressional wave to travel in the
formation.
Matrix travel time (t
ma
) is a function of
lithology
SONIC LOG
CHARACTERISTICS
There are several more sophisticated sonic logs
that couple/ determine both the shear wave
arrival and the compressional wave arrival.
This log analyst can determine rock properties
such as Poissons ratio, Youngs modulus, and
bulk modulus.
These values are very important when
designing hydraulic fracture treatments or
when trying to determine when a well may
start to produce sand.
SONIC LOG :SPECIALITY
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
EXAMPLE: SONIC LOG
Sonic
Log
DT
150 50 us/f
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC
LOG RESPONSE
Unconsolidated formations
Naturally fractured formations
Hydrocarbons (especially gas)
Salt sections
LET IT BE KNOWN
The three porosity logs:
Respond differently to different matrix
compositions
Respond differently to presence of gas or
light oils
Combinations of logs can:
Imply composition of matrix
Indicate the type of hydrocarbon in pores
GAS EFFECT
Density - | is too high
Neutron - | is too low
Sonic - | is not significantly
affected by gas