MULTI- STOREY BUILDINGS - III

Elastic - Semi rigid analysis and design

A

B

C
D
E F
Typical Steel frame
Steel frame and their connections
Possible Connections
Single web angle
Double web angle
Header Plate
Top angle Seat angle
End Plate
T-stub
Welded Connection
Connection flexibility of beam-column joint
90
0

u
u
r

Column
Centre line
Beam Centre
line
B
R
2

R
1

M
(a) Deformed shape of joint B (b) Centre line
diagram of joint B
(Exaggerated scale)
L
C
B
C
A
A
C

A

B

C
D
E F
(a) Actual
frame
Steel frame connections and their
modelling
J
A

J
B


J
C


J
D

J
E

J
F
(b) Idealised
frame

O
J oint characteristics (M-u
r

relationship)
Strength of joint
M
c

Relative rotation u
r

Moment
M
A
Ductility of
joint
Initial stiffness, J =
r
M
u
Better distribution
moment across the
beam
It results in a system
analysis rather than a
member analysis
It is a step towards real
economy as it overlaps
fabrication aspects
It imposes typification
and standardisation of
connection


Advantages of accounting for
connection flexibility
Analysi
s and
design
Fabricat
ion
Connections are
normally out of the
purview of the designers
Fabricators tend to make
excessively stiff
connections
Contractor needs a better
deal of economy not only
in member sizes but also
in fabrication
Typical Beam to column connections
Connection cost Index= 0.15
Constructability Index= 0.90
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.25
Constructability Index= 0.85
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.30
Constructability Index= 0.80
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.30
Constructability Index= 0.70
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.45
Constructability Index= 0.65
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.55
Constructability Index= 0.60
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Typical Beam to column connections
(Contd..)
Connection cost Index= 0.70
Constructability Index= 0.50
Source: Chen W.F. and Lui E.M., Stability design of steel frames, CRC Press Inc., (1991).
Rigid
Semi-
Rigid
Pinne
d
Ideally Pinned
Connection
Ideally Rigid
Connection
Relative rotation -u
r

Joint moment
- M
Classification of structural steel connections according to
their stiffness
Effect of semi-rigid connections on the flexural behaviour
Cantilever Moment
Cantilever Moment with
variable Moment/shear
ratio
Experimental set up for testing of connections
Cantilever Moment
Relative rotation u
r

Moment
M
Typical Experimental work set up of
Top angle and seat angle connection
Deformati
on of the
top angle
Note the prying effect...
Q
P
P+Q
Rigid bar
A
Deformation of the seat
angle
Idealised analytical modelling of top angle
Idealised analytical modelling of top angle
Numerical
fit of data
from the
experimenta
l database
4145 .
c
t
287 . 1
d
128 . 1
f
t J

=
Final Equation for top angle seat
angle connection (J)
Strength of
joint M
c

Relative rotation u
r

Moment
M
Three parameter model for M-u
r

relationship
J =
u
0=

n=1
n=2
n=4
n=
Rigid : J=
Hinged : J=0
O
Connection Stiffness and their
representation
{ }
n / 1
n
)
o
/
r
( 1
r
J
M
u u
u
+
=
r
M
u
J
C
M
M
b

M
a

J
a

J
b

Beam with connection springs at both
ends
A
B
a
J
a
M
EI 6
L
b
M
EI 3
L
a
M
+ =
uA
b
J
b
M
EI 3
L
b
M
EI 6
L
a
M
+ + =
uB
If the far end of the beam AB is fixed the angle of
rotation at end B is zero. The carry-over factor from end
A to the end B can be found by solving previous
equations) for the ratio of M
b
to M
a
; we get

)
b
LJ
EI 3
1 ( 2
1
ab
COF
+
=
LJ
EI
j =
using
)
b
3j 2(1
1
ab
COF
+
=
)
b
j
b
j
a
j 3
a
j ( 4 1
b
j 3 1
L
EI 4
ab
K
+ + +
+
=
Rotational
stiffness
Beam with far
end fixed
M
b

M
a

J
a

J
b

L
A B
M
b

M
a

J
b

Beam with flexible
connection only at the
far end
L
A B
M
b

M
a

J
a

Beam with flexible connection at
near end and far end fixed
L
A
B
J
a

M
b

M
a

Beam with flexible
connection at near end
and far end pinned
L
A B
A
B
C
UDL - 30
kN/m
45
kN
45kN
8
m
6.67m
2
m
2
m
E=2.08e5
MPa

I=8.325e-5
m
4

I 2I
End AB BA BC CB
DF 0.625 0.375
COF 0.5 0.5 0.5
FEM +160.000 -160.000 +63.014 -63.014
Balance B +60.616 +36.370
Carry over 30.308 +18.185
Balance C +44.829
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
Carry over 22.415
Balance B -14.010 -8.406
Carry over -7.005 -4.203
Balance C +4.203
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
Carry over +2.102
Balance B -1.314 -0.788
Carry over -0.657 -0.394
Balance C +0.394
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
3
Final
moments
(app.)
+182.646 -114.708 +114.708 0.000
A
B
C
Bending Moment
Diagram (rigid
case)
182.64
6
92. 526
114.70
8
9.687
55.60
5
4.283
m
Values in kN-
m
A
B
C
UDL - 30
kN/m
45
kN
45kN
8
m
6.67
m
2
m
2
m
E=2.08e5
MPa

I=8.325e-5
m
4
J=40000
kN-m
J
2I I
End AB BA BC CB
DF 0.606 0.394
COF 0.377 0.5 0.5
FEM +111.421 -184.290 +63.014 -63.014
Balance B +73.493 +47.783
Carry over +27.707 +23.892
Balance C +39.123
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
Carry over +19.562
Balance B -11.855 -7.707
Carry over -4.469 -3.854
Balance C +3.854
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
Carry over +1.927
Balance B -1.168 -0.759
Carry over -0.440 -0.380
Balance C +0.380
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

3
Final
moments
(app.)
+134.219 -123.820 +123.820 0.000
A
B
C
Bending Moment
Diagram (flexible
case)
134.21
9
111.00
8
123.82
0
3.307
52.877
4.04 m
Values in
kN-m
A
B
D
UDL 15
kN/m
8
m
8m
C E
4.67
m
E=2.08e5
MPa

I
1
=33.340e-5
m
4
I
2
=14.319e-5
m
4
I
3
= 6.077e-5
m
4
J=32880 kN-
m
I
1

I
3

I
2

I
1

J J
Single storey steel
frame
Rigid Connection
End AB BA BC BD CB DB DE ED
DF 0.366 0.269 0.366 0.762 0.238
COF 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
FEM 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 0.0 -80.0 0.0 0.0
Final end
Moments
0.0 -
40.16
-
29.55
69.71 0.0 -
20.21
20.21 0.0
Flexible connection
End AB BA BC BD CB DB DE ED
DF 0.284 0.432 0.284 0.762 0.238
COF 0.278 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.278 0.500 0.500
FEM 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.74
0
0.0 -
100.6
0.0 0.0
Final end
Moments
0.0 -
18.11
-
23.96
42.07 0.0 -
23.55
23.55 0.0
Results of semi-rigid
analysis of Single
storey steel frame
Effect of flexible connections on system behaviour
UTILITY OF THE SEMI-RIGID ANALYSIS
Semi-rigid analysis is an excellent tool
which makes a good engineer
better
and a bad engineer a
dangerous person !

Where we would be treading into
dangerous waters in Semi-rigid analysis ?
Use of inappropriate m-|
r
curves
Use of non-standard or non-typified connections -
extreme precaution and judgement is required
Storey drift is an important serviceability limit state - We
should have reliable analytical tools
Allowing rotations which exceed the tensile capacity of
bolts
Thank You