Ervina Kurniasari

Dini Shalina
Fakhrana Nadia
Fika Rahmi P
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is jelly-like material which is
found between cell membrane and
nucleus.

It contains water, protein, sugars, lipids,
vitamins, minerals and organelles.
ORGANELLES
They are tiny particles which
perform one or more
functions.

Ribosome is non-membranous
organelle. It is found both in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
Ribosome produce protein for
cell.

Ribosome contains .
Some ribosomes are linked to endoplasmic
reticulum . Some ribosomes are free in
cytoplasm.
Sometimes ribosomes make group. This
group of ribosome is called .

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transports
materials from one part to another part
within the cell .
It likes canal system within the cell . This
membrane likes cell membrane. It is located
between nuclear membrane and cell
membrane.
There are 2 types ER.
If there are ribosomes on ER, this type of
ER is called rough ER.
If there is no ribosome on ER, this type of
ER is called smooth ER .

It has double membrane. Outer membrane
is smooth but inner membrane is folded into
the matrix to form cristae. Electron transport
system enzymes (E.T.S) are located in cristae .

Mitochondria produce energy for all
cell activities.

Mitochondrian contains DNA, RNA and
ribosome in its structure.
Mitochondrion can reproduce itself. Because it
has DNA.
Muscle cells, brain cells liver cells and nerve
cells have mitochondria more than the other
cells.

Glucose breaks down into CO2 and water
molecule in mitochondria. Energy is
produced at the end of the this reaction. This
process is called cellular respiration.
Vacuole is bubble like structure . It is
surrounded by a single membrane. There
are three types of vacuoles. These are:

Food vacuole stores foodstuffs. It forms
after phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
Storage vacuole stores waste materials.
Same unicellular organisms which live in
fresh water, have contractile vacuole.
Contractile vacuole pumps excecc water
from cell to outside.
For ex : Paramecium has contractile
vacuole.

Animal cells and young plant
cells have many small
vacuoles. But adult and old
plant cells have a large
vacuole.

Golgi body packages the materials . For
example:
Protein molecules are synthesized in ribosome
and they are transported into the golgi body.
Then they are packaged into a vesicle by the
golgi body . The vesicle migrates to the cell
membrane . Then vesicle fuses with the cell
membrane . After then the materials in the
vesicle are released outside the cell.

It is found in :
glands (such as salivary gland), silk producing
cells and aromatic plant cells more than
other types of cells .
Lysosomes also are produced by golgi body.



Lysosomes are small bubble-like structure.
They are surrounded by single membrane.
It contains digestive enzymes. Intracellular
digestion occurs by means of lysosome.
Lysosomes are present in white blood cells.
Centrioles are found in only
animal cells. Centrioles produce
spindle fibers during the cell
division.
Centriole can reproduce itself.


Plastids are types of organelle
which are found in plant cells.
There are three types of plastids .
These are Chloroplast,
Chromoplast and Leucoplast .


Chloroplast is green organelle.
It has double membrane. In fact, chlorophll
molecules give green color to plants.
Chloroplast contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
and E.T.S enzymes, E.T.S enzymes are found in
lamellae.
Chloroplast can reproduce itself.

Photosynthesis
. General formula
of photosynthesis is



Chromoplast contains some pigments.
They give bright colors to fruits, leaves and
flowers. These pigments are:
licopine, xanthophyll and carotene.
Xanthophyll gives yellow color.
Licopine gives red color
caroten gives orange color to plants.


Leucoplasts are colorless plastids.
They store carbohydrates, protein and
lipids. If leucuplasts are stimulated by
light, they can change into chloroplasts.
Root cells and fruit cells have leucoplast
more than other cells.

Nucleus controls the all cell activities.
It is located center of the cell. Generally a cell
contains only one nucleus. Howewer same
cells have two nuclei. Such as :
liver cells, paramecium and muscle cells.
PARTS OF NUCLEUS
There are four parts in structure of nucleus. These are

Nuclear membrane
The hereditary material of a cell is covered by
nuclear membrane .Structure of nuclear
membrane is similar to cell membrane. But
nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoplasm is semifluid structure which fills
the nucleus. The viscosity of nucleoplasm is
higher than cytoplasm.

Nucleolus:
Nucleolus contains DNA, RNA and
proteins. It visible under the light
microscope.
It helps formation of ribosome .
Hereditary material:
Generally hereditary material is DNA.
It controls the all cell activities.

Cell wall .
It is made of cellulose.
It is found only in

Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively smaller Relatively larger

Irregular in size Regular in size

No cell wall Cell wall present

Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole

Glycogen granules as food
store

Starch granules as food store

Nucleus at the centre

Nucleus near cell wall

Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis
by controlling what substances may enter or leave the
cells.
There are 2 methods of transporting materials through
the plasma membrane
Passive mechanisms
Active mechanisms
Passive mechanism mean that
molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration without the use or input
of energy by the cell
There are 3 forms which possible for this
way :
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
This process is the
movement of ions,
atoms, or molecules
from regions of higher
concentration to
regions of lower
concentration.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Carrier molecules in the
cell membrane accelerate
movement of relatively
large molecules from
region higher
concentration to one of
lower concentration

This process is the diffusion of water across a
semipermeable membrane.
Water diffuses across a selectively permeable
membrane from the hypotonic solution (has a
higher water concentration) to the hypertonic
solution (has lower water concentration).
Can result in 2 conditions:
Plasmolysis
Deplasmolysis


When a cell is
placed in hypotonic
environment, it absorbs
water and swells.

When a cell is placed into
a hypertonic
environment, it
consequently shrinks.

It is the pressure exerted by water against the cell
membrane and cell wall of plant.


The tendency of water to move from a hypotonic
solution into hypertonic solution by osmosis
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE
OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
1. Concentration Level
2. Molecular Size
3. Molecular Weight
4. Temperature
5. Molecular charge
6. Solubility in lipids
7. Deformation of the plasma membrane
8. Pore number on the plasma membrane
ACTIVE MECHANISMS
Cells use energy and sometimes use carrier
proteins to transport materials in or out of the
cytoplasm
There are three methods of this transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
There are 3 types of endocytosis :
Phagocytosis (Cell eating)
Taking of solid large particles into the cytoplasm
Pinocytosis (Cell drinking)
Taking the large dissolved particles by a food vacuole
into the cell
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Taking of specific molecules into a cell

The process by
which cells remove
large particles from
the cytoplasm
MOVEMENT THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
Process Characteristics Energy
Source
Example
PASSIVE MECHANISMS
Diffusion Net Movement from region of high concentration
to region of lower concentration
Molecular
Motion
Exhange of
O
2
and CO
2

in the lungs
Facilitated
Diffusion
Carrier proteins in the cell membrane accelerates
movement of relatively large molecules from
region of high concentration to region of lower
concentration
Molecular
Motion
Movement
of glucose
into the cells
Osmosis The movement of water molecules from region of
high concentration to a region of lower
concentration through a selectively permeable
membrane
Molecular
Motion
Entering of
water into
the cell
Process Characteristics Energy
Source
Example
ACTIVE MECHANISMS
Active
Transport
The movement of molecules from region of
lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration by carrier proteins in
membrane
Cellular
Energy
Na-K pump in
the nervous
cell
Endocytosis
(Phagocytosis)
Taking of solid big particles into the cytoplasm Cellular
Energy
WBC ingest
bacteria
Endocytosis
(Pinocytosis)
Taking of fluid droplets into the cytoplasm Cellular
Energy
Taking of food
droplets in the
small intestine
Endocytosis
(Receptor
Mediated)
Certain kinds of molecules combine with
receptors on the plasma membrane and are
taken into the cytoplasm
Cellular
Energy
Cholesterol
Uptake
Exocytosis The removing of big complex molecules from
the cytoplasm
Cellular
Energy
Secretion of
mucus
MOVEMENT THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
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