Slide 07b - Control Structure - Selection

Control Structure:
Selection
(Part 2)
Knowledge:
Understand various concepts of selection control structure
Skill:
Be able to develop a program containing selection control structure
Computer Science Department
FTSM
if Statements
if else - if
if
if - else
TK1913-C Programming
if Statement
The structure is similar to single selection (flowchart)
Syntax:
Dont forget the
if (expression)
brackets !!
statement;
or
if (expression) {
Dont forget the
statement1;
curly brackets !!
statement2;
}
if Statement
The similarity between single selection structure and
if statement:
Single Selection:
if <condition is true> start
step 1
step 2
step k
end_if
if Statement:
if (<condition>) {
statement 1
statement 2
statement k
}
4
if Statement
Example:
int num1, num2, min;
printf(Key-in 2 numbers: );
20
scanf(%d%d, &num1, &num2);
min = num1;
if (num1 > num2)
min = num2;
printf(Smallest: %d\n, min);
> 15?
num1
?
20
num2
15
?
min
15
20
?
Key-in 2 numbers: 20
_ 15
_Smallest: 15
_
if Statement
Example:
int mark;
92 > 80?
printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark);
if (mark > 80) {
printf(Category: Excellent\n);
printf(Congratulations!);
}
mark
?
92
Mark: 92
_
_
Category:
Excellent
Congratulations!
if Statement
Example:
void main() {
What will the output

be if the mark is 65?
int mark;
printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark);
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Your mark is %d, mark);
}
if Statement
Example:
void main() {
int mark;

printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark);
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
}
if - else Statement
The structure is similar to double selection (flowchart)
Syntax:
or
if (expression)
statement;
else
statement;
if (expression) {
statement1;
statement2;
} else
statement3;
if - else Statement
or
if (expression) {
statement1;
statement2;
} else {
statement3;
statement4;
}
10
if else Statement
The similarity between double selection structure
and if - else statement:
Double Selection:
if <condition is true> start
step 1
step k
end_if
else start
step 1
step n
end_else
if Statement:
if <condition> {
statement 1
statement k
}
else {
statement 1
statement n
}
11
if - else Statement
Example:
if (num1 < num2)
10 < 15?
min = num1;
else
min = num2;
num1
10
num2
15
min
10
?
_Smallest: 10
_
12
if - else Statement
Example:
if (num1 < num2)
20 < 15?
min = num1;
else
min = num2;
num1
20
num2
15
min
15
?
_Smallest: 15
_
13
if - else Statement
Example:
num1 700
if (num1 < num2) {

700 < 125?
min = num1;
num2 125
max = num2;
}
min 125
??
else {
min = num2;
max = num1;
max 700
??
}
printf(Min = %d, Max = %d\n, min, max);
_
Min
= 125, Max = 700
_
14
if else Statement
Example:
void main() {
int mark;

printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark); What will the output
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
else
printf(Fail\n);
}
15
if else Statement
Example:
void main() {
int mark;

printf(Mark: );
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
else
printf(Fail\n);
}
16
if else Statement
Example:
void main() {
int mark;
printf(Mark: );
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
else {
printf(Fail\n);
}
}
17
Take a break .
Lets have a minute break.
While youre having a break, let
me introduce you some program
styles..
Why we need program
styles?.To ensure your
program is readable.
Lets look some
examples..
18
Take a break (Learn styles)

Example:
void main() {
int mark;
printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark);
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
else
printf(Fail\n);
}
19
Take a break (Learn styles)

Example:
Difficult to read!!!
void main() {
int mark;
Dont you think so??
printf(Mark: );
scanf(%d, &mark);
if (mark >= 50)
printf(Pass\n);
else
printf(Fail\n);
}
20
Lets recap
Syntax:
if (expression)
statement;
else
statement;
if-else
if statement
statement
Ok now, lets look at

if else if statement
21
if else - if Statement
Syntax:
if (expression)
statement;
else if (expression)
statement;
statement;
else
statement;
if-else-if statement
22
if else - if Statement
Syntax:
if (expression)
statement;
statement;
statement;
else (expression)
statement;
if-else-if statement
Be carefulcommon
mistake made by
students !!
23
Lets recap
Example:
Multiple Selection
if <condition_1 is true> start

step m
step
Assume
m, step
condition
. will1 be
is
end_if
true,
executed
so
step n
end_if
else start
step x
end_else
24
Lets recap
Example:
Multiple Selection

step m
step
Assume
m, step
condition
. will1be
is
end_if
skipped,
false,
andso
step n
condition 2 will be tested
end_if
else start
step x
end_else
25
Lets recap
Example:
Multiple Selection

step m
end_if
step n
step
Assume
n, step
condition
. will2be
is
end_if
true,
executed
so
else start
step x
end_else
26
Lets recap
Example:
Multiple Selection

step m
end_if
step n
Assume
step n, condition
step . will
2 isbealso
end_if
skipped,
andso
false,
else start
step x
step x will be executed
end_else
27
Multiple Selection in C
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char letter;
Is the letter a lower case?
scanf(%c, &letter);
Is the letter an upper case?
if (letter >= a && letter <= z )
printf(Lower case\n);
else if (letter >= A && letter <= Z)
Is the letter a digit?
printf(Upper case\n);
else if (letter >= 0 && letter <= 9)
printf(Digit\n);
else
printf(Special character\n);
}
28
Multiple Selection in C
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char letter;
(the letter is a lower case) true
scanf(%c, &letter); (the

(theletter
letterisisaalower
lowercase)
case)false
false
if (letter >= a && letter
z ) isisan
(the
(the<=
letter
letter
anupper
uppercase)
case)false
true
printf(Lower case\n);
(the letter is a digit) true
else if (letter >= A &&(the
letter
<= Z)
letter
is a lower case) false
printf(Upper(the
case\n);
letter is an upper case) false
else if (letter >= 0 && letter
9) is a digit) false
(the<=letter
printf(Digit\n);
else
printf(Special character\n);
}
29
Exercise
Develop a program for the following problem.
Given a mark, determine its grade based on the
table below:
74 < mark < 100
64 < mark < 75
54 < mark < 65
39 < mark < 55
0 < mark < 40
others
grade = A
grade = B
grade = C
grade = D
grade = E
error message
30
A
n
s
w
e
r
1
int mark;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
printf("Grade = A);
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
printf(" Grade = B);
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
printf(" Grade = C);
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
printf(" Grade = D);
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
printf(" Grade = E);
else
printf(Input error\n);
31
A
n
s
w
e
r
2
int mark;
char grade ;
printf(Key-in the mark : );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
grade =A;
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
grade =B;
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
grade =C;
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
grade =D;
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
grade =E;
else
printf(Your grade is %c, grade );
32
A
n
s
w
e
r
3
int mark;
char grade;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
grade=A;
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
grade=B;
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
grade=C;
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
grade=D;
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
grade=E;
if ((mark > 100) || (mark < 0))
else
printf(Your grade is %c, grade);
33
Nested ifs
if statement that contains

other if / if - else statements
34
Nested ifs
Example:
This price is valid for

people:
> 55
people:
18 age
< age
< 55
if (age > 18) {

if (age > 55)
price = 2.50; /* Price for senior citizens */
else
people:
price = 5.00; /* Price for
adultsage
*/ < 1
}
else {
people: 1 < age < 18
if (age < 1)
price = 0.0; /* Price for infants */
else
price = 1.50; /* for children & teenagers*/
}
35
Nested ifs - Problem

Example:
if (age > 18)
if (age > 55)
price = 2.50; /* Price for senior citizens */
else
price = 5.00; /* Price for adults */
Which if does this else

belong to?
36

Which one?
if (age > 18) {
if (age > 55)
price = 2.50;
}
else
price = 5.00;
if (age > 18) {

if (age > 55)
price = 2.50;
else
price = 5.00;
}
37
By default, else will be attached to the

nearest if
if (age > 18)
if (age > 55)
price = 2.50;
else
price = 5.00;
if (age > 18) {

if (age > 55)
price = 2.50;
else
price = 5.00;
}
38
switch and break

The structure is similar to multiple selection (flowchart)
Syntax:
switch switch
(expression)
{
(expression)
{
case expression1:
statement1;
break;
case espression2:
statement2;
break;
default:
expressionX;
break;
}
Dont forget the

brackets !!
Dont forget the

curlycolons
brackets
!! !!
39
switch and break

Important Rule !!
Syntax:
Must be
switch (expression) {
INTEGER or
case expression1:
CHAR !
statement1;
break;
case espression2:
statement2;
break;
default:
expressionX;
break;
}
40
switch and break

Example: switch (month) {
case 1:
Assume month = 1,
so
printf(January\n);
break;
case 2:
case 3:
default:
this step will be

printf(February\n);
case
is terminated
break;
executed.
Later
here. Jump to
printf(March\n);
break;
printf(Others\n);
break;
January
_
End
_
}
printf(End);
41
switch and break

case 1:
case 2:
March
printf(January\n);
break;
_
End
_
printf(February\n);
break;
case 3:
Assume month = 3,
printf(March\n);
so
break;
default:
this step will be

printf(Others\n);
case
is terminated
break;
executed.
Later
}
printf(End);
here. Jump to
42
switch and break

case 1:
case 2:
printf(January\n);
break;
printf(February\n);
Nowwhat
No more !!will
break;
case 3:
happen if this break

printf(March\n);
is taken out from the
break;
default:
program?
printf(Others\n);
break;
}
}
printf(End);
printf(End);
43
switch and break

case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
default:
Assume
month = 2,
February
_ so
March
printf(January\n);
_ _
break;
End
printf(February\n);
this step will be

printf(March\n);
break;
executed. Later
printf(Others\n);
continues.
break; Thus, case
execution
this step is}printf(End);
executed . So
is terminated
here. Jump to
44
switch and break

case 1:
case 2:
printf(January\n);
break;
printf(February\n);
Nowwhat will
happen if these
printf(March\n);
breaks are taken out
break;
default:
from the program?
printf(Others\n);
And
And
case 3:
if month = 34
1 ??
break;
}
printf(End);
45
Exercise
To practice what youve
learned, try exercises on
page
/* Do exercises from pg
155 -156 of
Pengaturcaraan C
46
End of Lecture 7 (Part 2)

At last, chap 7 is finished.
Whats next???
Control Structure: Repetition on

the way
47

Slide 07b - Control Structure - Selection

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Control Structure:

Computer Science Department

What will the output

What will the output

if (num1 < num2) {

What will the output

What will the output

Take a break (Learn styles)

Take a break (Learn styles)

Ok now, lets look at

if <condition_1 is true> start

if <condition_1 is true> start

if <condition_1 is true> start

if <condition_1 is true> start

Is the letter a lower case?

(the letter is a lower case) true

scanf(%c, &letter); (the

if statement that contains

This price is valid for

if (age > 18) {

Nested ifs - Problem

Which if does this else

Nested ifs - Problem

if (age > 18) {

Nested ifs - Problem

By default, else will be attached to the

if (age > 18) {

switch and break

Dont forget the

Dont forget the

switch and break

switch and break

this step will be

switch and break

this step will be

switch and break

happen if this break

switch and break

this step will be

switch and break

End of Lecture 7 (Part 2)

Control Structure: Repetition on

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