CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTS AND

THEIR REPRESENTATION
Objective
- To know the objectives of
performing experiments
- To identify the functional elements
in instruments

Objectives of performing experiments:Measurements of system parameters

information
Control of a certain process or operation
Simulation of system conditions
Experimental design studies
To perform various manipulation

Testing material, maintenance of

standard and specifications of product.
Verification of physical
phenomenal/scientific theories
Quality control in industry.

WHY WE PERFORMED EXPERIMENTS?

To validate and verify theoretical

concepts

To develop new methods and products

To evaluate the performance and behavior

of existing products

TYPICAL APPLICATION AREAS OF INSTRUMENTS

SYSTEMS

BASIC AND AUXILIARY FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTS

Transducer element
Signal conditioning
element
Data presentation
element

TRANSDUCER ELEMENT

SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENT

Amplification
Mechanical

Amplifying elements
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Amplifying elements
Optical Amplifying Elements
Electrical Amplifying Elements

Signal Filtration
Mechanical

filters
Pneumatic filters
Electrical Filters

DATA PRESENTATION ELEMENT

The output of the signal conditioning

elements are presented to be read or seen.
Fast
Little

drag
Small inertia, friction

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Deflection and Null Types
Manually Operated and Automatic Types
Analog and Digital Types
Self Generating and Power Operated Types
Contacting and Non Contacting Types
Dumb and Intelligent Types

STANDARDS AND CALIBRATION

Measurement the act of quantitative
comparison between a predefined standard
and the unknown magnitude of a physical
quantity
Standard the physical representation of the
unit of measurement

STANDARD OF MEASUREMENTS
International Standards
Primary Standards
Secondary Standards
Working standard

CALIBRATION

The act or result of quantitative comparison

between a known standard and the output of
the measuring system measuring the same
quantity

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
Primary calibration
Secondary calibration
Direct calibration with known input source
Indirect calibration
Routine calibration

THE ENGINEER SHOULD KNOW WHAT

to

look for before beginning the

experiments.
to measure skillfully certain physical
variables
to specify the degree of accuracy
the limitation of the apparatus
the expected error and deviations from true
measurements

Experiment is not mainly to measure physical

variables but also to control its.

The accuracy of control is dependent on the

accuracy of measurement.

Statistical techniques - to analyze measured

data to determine expected error and
deviation from true measurements.