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Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, and other
devices that can communicate with each other
in a small area (< ~ 3000 m)
1-3
Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area
Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
Control the network privately under local
administration
Provide full-time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices
Networking Fundamentals
1-4
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Win NT
Networking Fundamentals
1-5
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Connector Port
Network Interface
Card (NIC)
Networking Fundamentals
1-6
1990sGlobal Internetworking
1-7
1-8
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-10
NIC Card
Networking Fundamentals
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Hub
1-11
Host Layers
7
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-12
Media Layers
7
Application
Presentation
Session
4
Transport
3
Network
Data Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
}
}
1-13
Layer Functions
7
Networking Fundamentals
Application
1-14
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Ensures data is readable by
receiving system
Format of data
Data structures
Networking Fundamentals
1-15
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Networking Fundamentals
Inter-host communication
Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between
applications
1-16
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport
issues between hosts
Data transport reliability
Establishes, maintains, and
terminates virtual circuits
Fault detection and recovery
Information flow control
Networking Fundamentals
1-17
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
Addresses and best path
Provides connectivity and path
selection between two end
systems
Domain of routing
Networking Fundamentals
1-18
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Access to media
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
Networking Fundamentals
1-19
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Access to media
Physical
Binary transmission
Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
Networking Fundamentals
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
1-20
Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A
Host B
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Segments
Transport
Network
Packets
Network
Data Link
Frames
Data Link
Physical
Bits
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-21
Application Layer
This is where users communicate to the
computer.
This is where communication between
two users are established.
This is a point where user or application
interfaces with the protocols to gain
access to the network.
Examples are WWW, Telnet, FTP, TFTP,
E-mail, DNS
Networking Fundamentals
1-22
Presentation Layer
Networking Fundamentals
1-23
Session Layer
Session Establishment
Establishes a session between two devices
before actual transmission of data.
Dialog Control
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Networking Fundamentals
1-24
Session Layer
Simplex
Data travels only one way.
Radio transmission is the best example of this.
Half Duplex
Both way but one at a time. By default all LAN Cards
(NICs) work on Half Duplex.
Full Duplex
Both way at the same time.
Networking Fundamentals
1-25
Transport Layer
Networking Fundamentals
1-26
Transport Layer
Transport Layer never actually transports the data
but only prepares for transporting.
Uses Socket to define the services running on a
particular node, the data is associated with.
Responsible for the following :
Segmentation
End-to-end Communication
Flow Control
Error Control
Multiplexing of Applications
TCP, UDP work at this layer
Networking Fundamentals
1-27
Socket
Socket is a software component and points to a particular service
running on a particular node.
Structure of a socket
IP Address + Port Address
Each service has a unique Port address
Max. Port Addresses can be 65,536
Port address 1-1023 is reserved for specific Services like
WWW
80
FTP
21
SMTP
25
1-28
Port Numbers
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
Networking Fundamentals
F
T
P
T
E
L
N
E
T
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
R
I
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
520
TCP
UDP
Port
Numbers
1-29
Segmentation
1-30
Flow Control
Used while connection oriented communication
It helps to have a control on over flow of Buffer.
Advantages are:
The segments delivered are acknowledged if received
Any segment not acknowledged are retransmitted
segments are sequenced back upon their arrival
Congestion, Overloading and data loss are avoided
To achieve all this it uses the technique of Sliding
window or Windowing
Networking Fundamentals
1-31
Transport Layer
Establishes Connection
Sender
Receiver
Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
Networking Fundamentals
1-32
End-to-End Communication
Networking Fundamentals
1-33
1-34
Transport Layer
Window Size = 1
Receive 1
Ack 2
Receive 2
Ack 3
Send 2
Receiver
Window Size = 3
Sender
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Receive 1
Receive 2
Receive 3
Ack 4
Receiver
Send 4
Networking Fundamentals
1-35
Transport Layer
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
Send 5
Send 6
Ack 5
Send 5
Networking Fundamentals
Ack 7
2009, Velocis Systems
1-36
1-37
Network Layer
Networking Fundamentals
1-38
Which
Which Path?
Path?
1-39
2
4
9
6
8
10
11
Networking Fundamentals
1-40
Network
Node
TCP/IP
Example
Network
Host
10.
8.2.48
Novell IPX
Example
Network
Networking Fundamentals
1aceb0b.
(Mask 255.0.0.0)
Node
0000.0c00.6e25
2009, Velocis Systems
1-41
Network Layer
Protocol Operations
X
C
C
A
A
Networking Fundamentals
1-42
1-43
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network protocol
adjusts automatically for topology or
traffic changes
Networking Fundamentals
1-44
A
A
Point-to-point or
circuit-switched
connection
B
B
Stub network
1-45
A
A
B
B
D
D
C
C
1-46
A
A
B
B
X
D
D
Networking Fundamentals
C
C
1-47
A
A
B
B
X
D
D
C
C
1-48
1-49
FUNCTIONS OF ETHERNET
1)
2)
3)
4)
Networking Fundamentals
1-50
Physical Layer
Networking Fundamentals
1-51
DOD MODEL
The DoD
Model
Networking Fundamentals
1-53
OSI Model
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Host-to-Host
Internet
Transport
Network
Data Link
Network
Access
Networking Fundamentals
Physical
2009, Velocis Systems
1-54
Ethernet
Introduction
Ethernet is a methodology for accessing a media
It allows all hosts on a network to share the same
bandwidth of a link.
It is popular because :
It is easy to implement & Troubleshoot
It is easy to add new technologies like Fast Ethernet
and Gigabit Ethernet to existing infrastructure.
Ethernet uses Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
Specification
It uses something called
Networking Fundamentals
CSMA/CD
2009, Velocis Systems
1-56
Ethernet Operation
A
Networking Fundamentals
1-57
Ethernet Operation
A
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-58
Ethernet Operation
A
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
B and C
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
1-59
Ethernet LANs:
How do they work?
Multiple workstations
are connected to a
segment
Each station has to take
turns sending traffic
All stations listen to all
traffic on their segment
Stations can only send
data (Ethernet Frames)
when no one else is
sending
Networking Fundamentals
1-60
Ethernet LANs:
MAC Addresses
0000.0c12.3456
0000.1018.321a
Networking Fundamentals
0000.0c12.1111
1-61
Ethernet LANs:
Unicast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: 0000.0c12.3456
0000.1018.321a
Networking Fundamentals
0000.0c12.1111
1-62
Ethernet LANs:
Broadcast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
0000.1018.321a
Networking Fundamentals
0000.0c12.1111
1-63
Ethernet LANs:
Broadcast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
0000.1018.321a
Networking Fundamentals
0000.0c12.1111
1-64
Ethernet Collisions
Collision!
Packe
Frame Packe
Frame t
t
Frame
Packet
Frame
Packet
Sometimes stations
transmit
simultaneously
Two frames on the
same segment collide
Collisions require
each station to wait
and resend
Networking Fundamentals
1-65
Ethernet Reliability
A
Figure 1
Figure 2
Collision
Networking Fundamentals
1-66
Ethernet Reliability
A
Collision
JAM
Networking Fundamentals
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
1-67
Ethernet Reliability
A
Collision
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
1-68
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access /
Collision Detect.
It is used by all NICs in Ethernet Networking
In this method all NICs first sense whether the cable
is free or not.
If it is free the request is sent otherwise it waits.
Networking Fundamentals
1-69
Networking Fundamentals
1-70
Full Duplex
Full Duplex Ethernet uses two pairs
of wires.
There is no collision in Full Duplex
Full Duplex is suppose to offer
100% efficiency in both direction
Means you can get 20 MBPS in 10
MBPS or 200 MBPS in Fast Ethernet
running Full Duplex.
Networking Fundamentals
1-71
Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet Addressing uses MAC Address
MAC addresses are burned on every NIC
It is a 48-bit address
It is written in the same format even if different
LAN Technologies are used.
24 bits
24 bits
Organizationally
Unique Identifier (OUI)
(Assigned by IEEE)
Vender Assigned
1-72
Networking Fundamentals
1-73
LAN FUNDAMENTALS
Ethernet
It is a LAN protocol. Given by Xerox in early 1970s. Three
companies modified it as E (II)
DEC, Intel & Xerox (DIX). IEEE made it standard as 802.3
Header of Ethernet
8bytes 6byts 6byts 2 byts variable 4byts
Flag
Networking Fundamentals
DA
SA
TYPE
DATA
FCS
1-74
MAC SUB-LAYER
MAC Layer - 802.3
# Bytes
0000.0C
IEEE assigned
xx.xxxx
Vendor
assigned
2
Length
Variable
Data
4
FCS
Ethernet II
uses Type
here and
does not use
802.2.
MAC Address
Networking Fundamentals
1-75
Preamble
It allows the receiving devices to lock
the incoming bit stream.
The Peamble is used to indicate to the
receiving station that the data portion
of the message will follow.
Networking Fundamentals
1-76
Networking Fundamentals
1-77
Networking Fundamentals
1-78
Networking Fundamentals
1-79
Data
Networking Fundamentals
1-80
Networking Fundamentals
1-81
ETHERNET
CABLING
Network Cabling
Media connecting network
components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the
cable
1-83
Twisted-Pair
Outer Jacket
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
Least costly
Color-Coded
Plastic Insulation
RJ-45
Connector
100 m
2009, Velocis Systems
1-84
Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket
BNC Connector
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
Medium
200/500 m
Networking Fundamentals
1-85
UPPER LAYER
PROTOCOLS
TCP/IP Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) suit was created by the
Department of Defense (DoD).
The Internet Protocol can be used to
communicate across any set of interconnected
networks.
TCP/IP supports both LAN and WAN
communications.
The TCP/IP protocol stack maps closely to the
OSI model in the lower layers.
Networking Fundamentals
1-87
Application
Transport
Internet
Data-Link
Physical
In the OSI reference model, the network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet
layer.
Networking Fundamentals
1-88
Internet Protocol
Provides connectionless, best effort delivery routing of datagrams.
IP is not concerned with the content
of the datagrams.
It looks for a way to move the
datagrams to their destination.
Networking Fundamentals
1-89
IP Datagram
Bit
1 0
Version
(4)
Bit 15 Bit 16
Header
Length (4)
Type
of Service (8)
Identification (16)
Time-to-Live (8)
Protocol (8)
Bit 31
Total Length (16)
Flags
(3)
20
Bytes
Networking Fundamentals
1-90
IP Datagram
Version Currently used IP version
Header Length Datagram header length
TOS Level of importance assigned by a particular upper-layer protocol
Total Length- Length of packet in bytes including Data and Header
Identification Identifies current datagram (Sequence Number)
Flags Specifies whether the packet can be fragmented or not
Fragment Offset Used to piece together datagram fragments
TTL It maintains a counter that gradually decreases, in increments, to zero
Protocol It indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets
Header Checksum Calculated checksum of the header to check its integrity
Source IP Address Sending node IP Address
Destination IP Address Receiving node IP Address
Options It allows IP to support various options like security
Networking Fundamentals
1-91
Protocol Field
Transport
Layer
UDP
TCP
6
Internet
Layer
17
Protocol
Numbers
IP
1-92
1-93
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
Networking Fundamentals
1-94
172.16.3.2
Networking Fundamentals
1-95
172.16.3.2
Networking Fundamentals
1-96
172.16.3.2
Map IP
Networking Fundamentals
Ethernet
2009, Velocis Systems
1-97
IP Address
Subnet mask
Domain name
Default gateway (router)
DNS
Networking Fundamentals
1-98
ICMP
Internet
Destination
Unreachable
Echo (Ping)
Other
Data-Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-99
ICMP Ping
Networking Fundamentals
1-100
Application
Transport
Internet
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
ConnectionOriented
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless
Data-Link
Physical
Networking Fundamentals
1-101
Bit 15 Bit 16
Source Port (16)
Bit 31
Destination Port (16)
20
Bytes
Window (16)
Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if Any)
Data (Varies)
Networking Fundamentals
1-102
Networking Fundamentals
1-103
Send SYN
(seq = 100 ctl = SYN)
SYN Received
Established
(seq = 101 ack = 301
ctl = ack)
Networking Fundamentals
Host B
SYN Received
Send SYN, ACK 2
(seq = 300 ack = 101
ctl = syn,ack)
1-104
Networking Fundamentals
1-105
Bit 15 Bit 16
Source Port (16)
Bit 31
Destination Port (16)
Length (16)
8
Bytes
Checksum (16)
Data (if Any)
No sequence or acknowledgment
fields
Networking Fundamentals
1-106
Networking Fundamentals
1-107
WAN Basics
WAN Overview
Service
Provider
1-109
What is a WAN?
Networking Fundamentals
1-110
Serial Implementation of
DTE versus DCE
Data Terminal Equipment
DCE
DTE
S
DTE
Networking Fundamentals
DCE
Modem
CSU/DSU
S
S
S
S
DCE
DTE
1-111
Router
To Corporate
Network
WAN Provider
(Carrier) Network
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
X.21
HSSI
Modem
Usually on the
Customers
Premises
DTE
DCE
1-112
Serial Transmission
WAN Serial connectors use serial
transmission
Serial transmission uses one bit at time
over a single channel.
Cisco Routers use a proprietary 60 pin
serial connector.
Connector at the other end of the cable
will depend on your service provider or
end device requirements.
Networking Fundamentals
1-113
LAN/WAN Devices
1999,
Cisco
Systems,
Inc.
2009,
Velocis
Systems
LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
Networking Fundamentals
1-115
Hub
Networking Fundamentals
1-116
Hubs
123
126
124
127
Hub
125
Data
Networking Fundamentals
Data
128
Amplifies signals
Propagates signals through the network
Does not filter data packets based on destination
No path determination or switching
Used as network concentration point
2009, Velocis Systems
1-117
Physical
1-118
Networking Fundamentals
1-119
Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets
between two network segments.
More intelligent than hubanalyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or filters)
them based on addressing information.
Networking Fundamentals
1-120
Bridge Example
123
126
Bridge
124
127
Hub
Hub
125
Segment 1
128
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
Networking Fundamentals
1-121
Switches
Use bridging technology to
forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission
rate between two stations that are
directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable
memory (CAM).
Networking Fundamentals
1-122
SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
UTP Cable
Dedicated
31
Switch
32
35
100 Mbps
33
34
100 Mbps
36
Corporate Intranet
1-123
OR
1-124
Switches
Switch
Memory
Networking Fundamentals
1-125
Routers
Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination
using
using metrics
metrics
Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from one
one
network
network to
to another
another
Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts to
to the
the
network
network
Networking Fundamentals
1-126
1.2
1.0
4.0
1.3
E0
2.1
2.2
S0
S0
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
E0
0
2
S0
0
4
S0
1
4.3
E0
4.1
4.2
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
S0
1
2
S0
0
4
E0
0
1-127
Networking Fundamentals
1-128
Bridge
Switch
Router
Collision Domains:
1
4
Broadcast Domains:
1
Networking Fundamentals
4
2009, Velocis Systems
1-129