Professional Documents
Culture Documents
•Signaling
SWITCH / EXCHANGE
•Traffic
•Off Hook
•Dial Tone
•Dialing Digits •Ring
MSC
BSC
BTS BTS
Mobile Subscriber...
Different Standards Worldwide
• Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio
Technology.
GSM-1800
Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz
1710 – 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink)
1805 – 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
Industry Vs Technology Spread
CONSIDERATIONS -
✻ FREQUENCY
Base Station
Base Station
Base Station
The Cell
• Cellular Radio involves dividing a large service area into
regions called “cells.”
• Each cell has the equipment to switch, transmit and receive
calls.
• Cells - Reduce the need of High powered transmission
• Cells - Conventionally regarded as being hexagonal, but in
reality they are irregularly shaped.
• Cell shape is determined by the nature of the surrounding
area e.g. Hills , tall building etc.
Cell Size
• Large Cells • Small Cells
• 35 Km
• Near about 1 KM
• Remote Areas
• Urban Areas
• High Transmission Power
• Low Transmission
• Few subscribers
Power
• Many Subscribers
Coverage & Capacity
• Coverage
– Percentage of the geographical area covered by cellular
service where mobile telephony is available
• Capacity -
– Number of calls that can be handled in a certain area
within a certain period of time.
– Capacity can also refer to the probability that users will
be denied access to a system due to the simple
unavailability of radio channels.
Frequency Spectrum
Time
Power
FDM Frequency
A
Power Time
CDMA Frequency
TDMA Frequency
Multiple Access Methods
FDMA FDMA: AMPS & NAMPS
•Each user occupies a private Frequency,
Power
c y protected from interference through physical
u en
Tim
e F req separation from other users on the same
frequency
•TDMA: IS-136, GSM
TDMA •Each user occupies a specific frequency but
Power only during an assigned time slot. The
Tim u en
cy frequency is used by other users during
q
e Fre other time slots.
•CDMA
CDMA •Each user occupies a signal on a particular
DE
Power CO frequency simultaneously with many other
users, but is uniquely distinguishable by
c y
en
Tim
e req
u correlation with a special code used only by
F
this user
Frequency Reuse Pattern
Three types of frequency reuse patterns
• 7 Cell reuse pattern
• 4 cell reuse pattern
• 3 cell reuse pattern
3 Site Reuse Pattern
c2
c1
c3 b2
b1
a2 b3
a1
a3 c2
c1
Cell Re-use
c3
FREQUENCY RE - USE
– Frequency Re-use
2
7 3
1 D D=R (3N)
6 4
5 Cell Dia = R where N is Cluster size
★ BCH Timeslot can never HOP, but the remaining Timelsots can
very well hop.
Frequency Hopping
Reduction in Average Interference
★ With Frequency Hopping consistent interference will become bursty.
★ So even though, both the co-channel cells will be using the same set of ARFCN's for
Hopping, interference will not be continuos.
★ This is because, GSM cells are not Frame synchronized, and change in frequency is
related to Frame nos.
★ If same HSN is used in two cells, then either the interference will be nil , or if a phase
correlation exists then it will be continuos.
★ So the two cells should preferably use different HSN's .
★ Sectorial cells ( controlled by the same BTS) can use same HSN, since the sectors don't
come up at the same time.
★ Cells if they are synchronized, can use same HSN, if each cell has an offset of some
TDMA frames.
★ Offset of TDMA frames is also required to avoid SACCH occurring at the same time in all
synchronized cells, as they kills away the objective of DTX.
Cell Sectorisation
b2
b1
a2 b3
a1 a3
OMNI CELL 120O CELLS
1 ANTENNA 3 ANTENNAS
a6 a4
a5
60O CELLS
6 ANTENNAS
Features of GSM
• Compatibility
• Noise Robust
• Increased Capacity & Flexibility
• Use of Standard Open Interfaces
• Improved Security & Confidentiality
• Cleaner Handovers
• Subscriber Identification
• ISDN Compatibility
• Enhanced Range of Services
Handovers
Hard Handoff Soft Handoff
Analog, TDMA and GSM CDMA
199
113
200
187
198
171 70 225
214 201
215 18
20 25
175
181
22
216
7
41 173
44
11
12
218
222
75 71
182
132 69
73 17
221 13 16
213 120
220 80
219 19
8
32
28
24
40
Cleaner Handovers
• The mobile measures up to 32 adjacent cells for
– Signal Strength (RxLevel)
– Signal Quality (RxQual)
– updated every 480 mS and sends to BTS
• Sophisticated Handover based on
– RxLevel
– Interference
– RxQual
– Timing Advance
– Power Budget
GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS
BSC
OML
i OMC
OM
Ab
s C VMSC
VMS
BTS
BT A C
AUC
AU
S BTS HLR
HL
BT TRAU MSC C
BTS
BT
S
MS R
EIR
EI
S BTS
BT C VLR
VL R
BTS
BT
S BTS
BT R SMSC
SMS
S BTS
BT
S
BC C
S
MS B
BTS
BT BSC C
S
PSTN
Mobile Station Identities
404 XX 12345
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station
• RF Power Capability
– Max power ME is able to Transmit.
• Frequency Capability
• SMS Capability
Mobile Equipment
Class Power O/p
1 20 W
2 8W
3 5W
4 2W Typical
Settings
5 0.8 W
SIM(IMSI)
• IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber
Identity)
– Transmitted over Air Interface on initialization
– Permanently stored on SIM card
– 15 digit Decimal
SIM (TMSI)
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
– Periodically changed by the System Management on instances
like location update etc.
• Management
– Assignment, Administration & Updating is performed by VLR.
Transcoder
• Converts 64 Kbps PCM circuits from MSC to 16 Kbps
BSS circuits.
BSC
BTS
Base Station System (BSS)
• BSC
– Controls upto 40 BTS
– Conveys information to/from BTS
– Connects terrestrial circuits & Air Interface Channels
– Controls handovers between BTSs under itself
• BTS
– Contains RF Hardware
– Limited control functionality
– 1 - 6 carriers in a BTS Cabinet
– 7 - 48 simultaneous calls per BTS
BSS Configuration
• Collocated BTS
• Remote BTS
• Star Configuration
B
BTS T BSC BTS
E1
All BTS on 1
S
BTS
BTS
BTS
Network Switching System(NSS)
• NSS (Network Switching System)
– MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
– HLR (Home Location Register)
– VLR (Visitor Location Register)
– EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
– AUC (Authentication Centre)
– IWF (Interworking Function)
– EC (Echo Canceller)
GSM Network Component
• MSC
– Call Switching
– Operation & Management Support
– Internetwork Interworking
– Collects call billing data
• Gateway MSC
– MSC which provides interface between PSTN & BSS’s
in the GSM Network.
Home Location Register (HLR)
• Reference database for the Subscriber profiles-
– Subscriber ID (IMSI & MSISDN)
– Current VLR Address
– Supplementary Services subscribed
– Supplementary Service Information
– Subscriber Status (Registered/deregistered)
– Authentication Key and AUC functionality
– TMSI
– MSRN
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Fault Management
• Performance Management
• Configuration Management
• Security Management
GSM Terrestrial Interfaces
Broadly classified into two types of interfaces-
• Standard Interfaces
• GSM Interfaces
GSM Interfaces
• Um MS - BTS
• Abis BTS - BSC
• A BSC - MSC
• B MSC - VLR
• C MSC - HLR
• D VLR - HLR
• E MSC - MSC
• F MSC - EIR
• G VLR - VLR
• H HLR - AUC
GSM Protocol Layers
GSM protocols are basically divided into three layers:
Layer 1: Physical layer
± Enables physical transmission (TDMA, FDMA, etc.)
± Assessment of channel quality
± Except on the air interface (GSM Rec. 04.04), PCM 30 or
ISDN
links are used (GSM Rec. 08.54 on Abis interface and
08.04 on
A to F interfaces).
Layer 2: Data link layer
± Multiplexing of one or more layer 2 connections
on control/signaling channels
± Error detection (based on HDLC)
± Flow control
± Transmission quality assurance
± Routing
Layer 3: Network layer
± Connection management (air interface)
± Management of location data
± Subscriber identification
± Management of added services (SMS, call forwarding,
conference
calls, etc.)
Basic Processes
• AUTHENTICATION
• CIPHERING
• REGISTRATION
• CALL ESTABLISHMENT
• HANDOVER / HANDOFF
• ROAMING
AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM
HLR Ki SRES
AUTH.
NSS ALGORITHMS
AUC A3 COMPARE
RAND
AIR INTERFACE
RAND SRES
SIM Ki AUTH.
MS ALGORITHMS
MS A3
Ciphering
• Data protection is required on air interface.
• A specific key called Ciphering Key (Kc), is generated from
RAND and A8 algorithm.
• A8 is on the SIM.
Ki RAND
A8
Kc
Ciphering
Kc Kc
Ciphered
Data A5 Data
A5 Data
Transmission Media
• Access Network
– Microwave 15 /23 GHz
• Backbone Network
– Microwave 7 GHz
– Optical Fibers
– Leased Line( From Dot or any other service provider on
any media)
Optical Fiber
• Different Possible Combinations
• Mono Mode Step Index 10 / 125 µ m
• Mono Mode Graded index
• Multi Mode Step Index 100 / 300 µ m
• Multi Mode Graded Index 75 / 130 µ m
• Mono Mode Graded Index would have been the best but
fabrication not possible
• Physical Channel
– Physical channel is the medium over which the
information is carried.
• Logical Channel
– Logical channels consists of the information carried
over the Physical Channel.
LOGICAL CHANNELS
3
Normal Burst
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
T encrypted S training S encrypted T GP
577µ S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TDMA Frame
577µ S x 8 = 4.615mS
26 Frame Multi-frame
GSM Channels
Traffic Channel
Traffic Channels
Time is divided into discrete periods called “Timeslots”
•
TCH/F TCH/H
Full rate 22.8kbits/s Half rate 11.4 kbits/s
TCH carries payload data - speech, fax, data
• Connection may be:
- Circuit Switched - voice or data or - Packet Switched – data
• TCH may be:
• Full Rate (TCH/F)
- one channel per user
- 13 kb/s voice, 9.6 kb/s data or
• Half Rate (TCH/H)
- one channel shared between two users
Control Channel
Control Channels
BCH channels are all downlink and are allocated to timeslot zero.
Channels are:
• FCCH: Frequency control channel sends the mobile a burst of all ‘0’ bits which
allows it to fine tune to the downlink frequency
• SCH: Synchronization channel sends the absolute value of the frame number
(FN), which is the internal clock of the BTS, together with the Base Station Identity
Code (BSIC)
• BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel sends radio resource management and control
messages, Location Area Code and so on.
Some messages go to all mobiles, others just to those that are in the idle state
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FRAME 1 FRAME 2
GUARD GUARD
PERIOD PERIOD
Information Training Information
Sequence
TAIL BITS TAIL BITS
Five Types of Burst
• Normal Burst
Traffic & Control Channels Bi-directional
• Frequency Correction Burst
FCCH Downlink
• Synchronization Burst
SCH Downlink
• Dummy Burst
BCCH Carrier Downlink
• Access Burst
RACH Uplink
Call Scenarios
• Mobile to Mobile
– Intra-city
– Inter-city
• Mobile to Land
– Intra-city
– Inter-city
• Land to Mobile
– Intra-city
– Inter-city
Mobile To Land Sequence
SIGNALLING LINK
2 ESTABLISHED
CR
3 REQUEST FOR SERVICE SDCCH
4 AUTHENTICATION CC
6 SET-UP SDCCH
EQUIPMENT ID
Call
7 REQUEST Info
Call Contt.
COMPLELTE CALL MSSDCCH BSS MS VLR HLR PSTN EIR
8
CALL PROCEEDING C
9 ASSIGNMENT COMMAND SDCCH (circuit)
(channel)
ASSIGNMENT COMPLELTE FAACH
INITIAL & FINAL
(TCH)
ADDRESS (IFAM)
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
(ACM)
10 ALTERING
MS HEARS RINGTONE FACCH
FROM LAND PHONE
ANSWER(ANS) Hello!
11 CONNECT RING TONE FACCH
STOPS
FACCH BILLING STARTS
CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE
TCH
Supplementary Services
• Calling Line Identification
– Present
– Absent
• Connect Line Identification
– Present
– Absent
• Closed User Group - CUG
– Only incoming
– Only outgoing
• Operator Controlled Barring
Data Services
Data rates supported as of today are
2.4 Kbps
4.8 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
GPRS & EDGE implementation takes the data
capability to higher level of the order of 184
kbps and more
Customer..Expectation
System/Site
Dimensioning
Propagation
model
RF &Network
verification Site Search
Planning
Plan
Site Acquisition
Performance
Monitoring Site Build
Site Coverage
Traffic & Operational Confirmation
System
Growth Network Optimisation
Analysis
GSM Planning Steps
• Various steps are listed below
– CW survey
– Model Tuning
– Nominal Planning
– RF site Surveys
– Realized Planning
– Frequency Planning
• Implementation
• Optimization
– Drive Testing
– Performance Analysis
Nominal Planning
• It consists of planning a set of sites on planning
tool so as to predict the coverage of the target area
• Tool needs to be made intelligent so as to predict
the coverage as close as possible to actual
coverage
• Coverage plots are based on customer intension of
providing indoor and outdoor coverage
Mumbai – Coverage
Expectation Boundary
Coverage Maps – Reverse Link.
Mazgaon
Indoor Coverage:
Penetration Margin Legend
00 dB : On Road/No Coverage
Colaba
Composite Coverage
Plot
• Propagation models are used to
predict coverage from a particular
site
• A composite coverage plot shows the
overall coverage produced by each
sector in the field of view
• The color of each pixel corresponds
to the signal level of the strongest
server at that point
• Such plots are useful for identifying
coverage holes and overall coverage
extent
Clutter Types
• Clutter types
– Dense Urban
– Urban
– Sub Urban
– Rural
– Water
– Vegetation
– Industrial
– Forest
RF surveys
• Each nominal has a search ring defined by the RF Planner
• Candidates needs to be identified as close as possible to the
nominal within the search ring
• Height, orientations & antenna placement at site are the key RF
parameter which are based upon the coverage requirement in the
area
• Major obstructions and clutter type in various directions to be
observed on RF survey
RF surveys
• Equipment required for RF Survey
– GPS
– Digital Camera
– Binoculars
– Magnetic Compass
Optimization Tool
MapInfo