Chapter6:Energy,Enzymesand

Metabolism
Energyrepresentsthecapacityforchange

Objective:Differentiatebetweenkinetic
andpotentialenergy.

Whattypeofpotentialenergyisthespider
receivingfromthegrasshopper?*glucose
2

Potentialenergy:theenergyofstateor
position
Examples:
Storedin
chemicalbonds
Concentration
gradient
Electric
potential

KineticEnergy
(energyofmotion)
Examples:
Heat
Light
Electricenergy
Mechanical
energy
4

Question
Waterheldbackbyadamrepresents
whatkindofenergy?
A. Hydroelectric
B. Irrigation
C. Potential
D. Kinetic
E. Alloftheabove
5

Defineanddescribethedifferences
betweentheFirstandSecondLawsof
Thermodynamics.
FirstLawofThermodynamics:energy
canneitherbemadenordestroyed,it
changesfromoneformtoanother
Second Law of Thermodynamics: transfer
or transformation of energy from one
form to another increases entropy or
degree of disorder of a system
6

FirstLawofThermodynamics:energy
isneithercreatednordestroyed.

LawofConservationofEnergy
7

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Transfer

or transformation of energy from one
form to another increases entropy or
degree of disorder of a system

Objective:Defineenthalpy,entropy,andfree
energy,anddescribehowtheseconceptsaffect
thefateofchemicalreactions.
H = G + TS
H = enthalpy: total energy in a biological system
G = free energy: usable energy that can do work;
required for cell growth,
division and maintenance
S = entropy: unusable energy; disorder of the
system
T = absolute temperature
9

G=H-TS
If free energy is released G is negative;
if it is required for a reaction G is
positive
the amount of energy added to the
system (+H) or released (-H)
-T S involves the entropy; increased
means products are more random or
more products produced than reactants
10

11

Question
If G of a chemical reaction is negative and the
change in entropy is positive, what can you
conclude about the reaction ?
A. It requires energy
B. It is endergonic
C. It is exergonic
D. It will not reach equilibrium
E. It decreases the disorder in the system
F. It is exergonic and increases disorder in a
system
12

Chemicalreactionseitherconsumeorrelease
energy

Catabolicreactions:breakdowncomplex
moleculesintosimpleronesandreleasestored
energy;ie.Cellularrespiration,glucoseATP
68%energycapture!
Gisnegative,energyisproduced

13

Anabolicreactions:linktogethersimple
moleculestoformcomplexmolecules;ie.
Synthesisofproteinfromaminoacids
ThesereactionsSTOREenergyinthechemical
bondsformed.Gispositive,energyis
required.
Acidic Side Chains
Aspartic Acid
(Asp; D)

Glutamic Acid
(Glu; E)

H
|
+H NCCOO3
|
CH2
|
C

H
|
+H NCCOO3
|
CH2
|
CH2
|
C

O-

O-

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Objective:Explaintheenergyrequirements

ofendergonicandexergonicreactions.

Endergonicreactionsneedanadditionoffree
energy

PositiveG
15

Exergonicreactions:releasefreeenergy
Aspontaneousreactiongoesmorethanhalfway
tocompletionwithoutinputofenergy

G
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A ---> B is spontaneous, exergonic(-G)

B ---> A is nonspontaneous,
endergonic (+G)
reactions can be slow and spontaneous

17

Objective:DescribethestructureofATPandexplain
howATPmakesawidevarietyofthermodynamically
unfavorablecellularprocessespossible.

HydrolysisofATP
G=7.3kcal/mole
Reactionfavors
formationof
Products
Energyliberatedcan
driveavarietyof
cellularprocesses
18

ATP:TransferringenergyinCells
Alllivingcells
useATP

ATPmaybe
convertedto
otheruses,such
asbuilding

blocksforDNA 7.3kcal/mol
andRNA

19

Objectives
A. Definethetermcatalyst.
B. Definethetermenzymeandgivethe
importantendingthathelpsyouseean
enzyme.
C.Explainthevariouswaysinwhichenzymes
increasetherateofbiologicalreactions.
20

EnzymesIncreasetheratesofchemical
reactions
Acatalystisanysubstancethatspeedsupa
chemicalreactionwithoutitselfbeingusedup.
Livingcellsusebiologicalcatalyststoincrease
ratesofchemicalreactions
Mostbiologicalcatalystsareproteinscalled
enzymes.
CertainRNAmoleculesarecatalystsandare
calledribozymes
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Whatisspecialaboutthisenzyme?

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Objective:Definetheterm:activation
energy;describetheimportanceofactivation
energyandhowitcanbealtered.
Enzymescannotstartareactionthatwould
notnormallyoccur.

Ineveryreactionthereisanenergy
barrierbetweenreactantsandproducts.
Theenergytoovercomethisbarrieris
calledactivationenergy.
24

Allreactionshaveactivationenergyrequirements,even
extremelyexergonicones
Whathappens
tofreeenergy
ifyoulower
theactivation
energy?

25

Loweringactivationenergy
Howcanenzymesloweractivationenergy?
Strainingbondsinreactantstomakeit
easiertoachievetransitionstate
Positioningreactantstogethertofacilitate
chemicalbonding
Changinglocalenvironment
Directparticipationthroughvery
temporarybonding
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Objective:defineactivesite,substrate,enzyme
substratecomplex.

Activesitelocationwherereactiontakesplace
Substratereactantsthatbindtoactivesite
Enzymesubstratecomplexformedwhen
enzymeandsubstratebind
27

Enzymesspecificityforsubstratescomes
fromtheir3Dshape
Tertiarystructure,temperature,pH,andother
environmentalconditionsdeterminethe3Dshape
andstructureoftheactivesite

Activesite
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4OPO6JQLOE&feature=related

28

Enzymeslowertheactivationenergybarrierbut
donotaffectequilibriumofthechemical
reaction
Enzymesaccelerateboththeforwardand
reversereactions,reducingthetimeittakesto
reachequilibrium
Enzymeactiondoesnotalterthedifferencein
freeenergy,onlytherateofthereaction
Objective:Explainthe
variouswaysinwhich
enzymesincreasetherateof
biologicalreactions.
29

Questionsyoushouldbeabletoanswer!
1. Whatisactivationenergy?
2. Doestheamountofactivationenergyneeded
affecttheamountoffreeenergygivenoffina
reaction?
3. WhereisATPmadeinthecell?
4. WhyisATPnecessaryforendergonicreactions?
5. Whatisabiologicalcatalyst?
6. Explainhowanenzymecandecreasethe
activationenergyneededforachemicalreaction.
30

Question
IsthereadifferenceinGifanenzymeis
usedtoreduceactivationenergy
requirements?
A.Yes
B.No
C.Notenoughinfo

31

Objective:Explainhowthechemicalbuildupand
breakdownofsubstancesrequiresenergy
transformationsmediatedbyenzymes

2factorsgovernfateofa
chemicalreaction
Direction
atoborbtoa
Rate
howfastdoesthisreaction
occur
A+B<>C+D
Products

Reactants

32

33

Objective:Definecompetitiveinhibition,
noncompetitiveinhibition,andactivationandexplain
howeachrelatestotheactiveandallostericsites.
Competitiveinhibitorscompetefortheactivesite
Noncompetitiveinhibitorsdonotbindtheactive
sitebutbindadifferentsiteontheenzyme
Allostericsitebindingcausesconformational
changeinenzymeactivesiteinhibitingenzyme
function
Feedbackinhibitionproductofpathwayinhibits
earlystepstopreventoveraccumulationof
product
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Competitiveinhibition

Noncompetitive
inhibition

35

Otherrequirementsforenzymes
Prostheticgroupsgroupsthataregoingtobe
addedontoandenzyme,theycanusuallybe
covalentlybonded
Cofactorusuallyinorganicionthattemporarily
bindstoenzyme
CoenzymeBvitaminsactascoenzymes
Enzymesareaffectedbyenvironment
Mostenzymesfunctionmaximallyinanarrow
rangeoftemperatureandpH
Outsideofthisnarrowrange,enzymefunction
36
decreases

Objective:Explaintherelationshipbetween
anabolicandcatabolicpathwaysinmetabolism
anddescribethestorageandreleaseofenergyin
theformsofATPandNADH.
Chemicalreactionsoccurinmetabolicpathways
Eachstepiscoordinatedbyaspecificenzyme
Catabolicpathways
resultinbreakdownoflargemolecules

usedtoobtainenergyforendergonicreactions
Anabolicpathways
promotesynthesisandareendergonic
37
Mustbecoupledtoexergonicreaction

Inametabolicpathwayaseriesofdifferent
enzymescatalyzethechangesinstructureofa
molecule,beginningwithastartingsubstrate
andendingwithafinalproduct
38

Catabolicreactions
Breakdownofreactants
Exergonic:releaseoffreeenergy
Usedtoobtainenergyforendergonic
reactions

ATP,NADH

39

2waystomakeATP
1. Substratelevelphosphorylation
Enzymedirectlytransfersphosphatefromone
moleculetoanothermolecule

2.Chemiosmosis
Energystoredinanelectrochemicalgradientis
usedtomakeATPfromADPandPi 40

Objective:Describehowoxidationandreduction
areinterrelatedinchemicalreactions.
Oxidation
______________________________

Reduction
_______________________________

Redox
additionofelectronsononemoleculeand
removalfromanothermolecule
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Energyintermediates
Electronsremovedbyoxidationareusedto
createenergyintermediateslikeNADH
NAD+___________________________
NADH
energystoragemolecule
candonateelectronsduringsynthesis
reactions

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43

Coupledreaction

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