IMMUNITY

The capability to resist any organism

or toxin that tend to damage the
tissues and organs.

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Immunity
Innate = ability to resist damaging organisms and toxins
skin, gastric acids, tissue neutrophils
and macrophages, complement, NK cells

Acquired = specific
humoral ----> circulating antibodies(B-cell)
cellular ----> activated cells(T-cell mediated)

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Preprocessing of the T and B

lymphocytes
Thymus gland preprocesses the T
lymphocytes
Liver and bone marrow preprocess
the B lymphocytes

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Lymphoid tissue

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 Millions of specific types of

lymphocytes are stored in the
lymphoid tissue.
All the different lymphocytes that are
capable of forming one specificity of
antibody or T cell are called a clone
of lymphocyte.

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Sequence
Dormant lymphocytes
Invasion of body by foreign antigen
Phagocytosis by macrophages
Presentation of antigen to lymphocytes

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Antigen
An antigen is a substance that can induce
an immune response when introduced into
an immunocompetent host and that can react
with the antibody produced from that response.

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Interactions between T- and B-Cells

T8-supressor
Pre-T
Cell

T-Cell
T4-helper

Bone Marrow

Pre-B
Cell

B-Cell

Plasma Cell

IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE

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Humoral immunity and

Antibodies

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Formation of antibodies by
plasma cells
Dormant B lymphocyte
Exposure to a specific antigen
Macrophage plays role in the
activation process
Helper T cells also contribute in this
activation process

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 These B lymphocytes enlarge to form

lymphoblast.
Further diferentiate into plasmablast
The mature plasma cells(antibody
factories) then produce gamma
globulin antibodies.

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Formation of Memory cellsdifference between primary

and secondary response

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Formation of Activated and Memory Cells

first exposure to antigen

virgin cells

second exposure to antigen

memory cells
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activated cells

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Loss of Antigens to Self

self-antigens

stimulation
death

death
self-antigens

Central lymphoid organ

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inactivation

Peripheral lymphoid organ

Antibodies
antigen
binding
site
heavy chain
Fab fragment
light chain
hinge region
Fc fragment

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

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IgM Antibody

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Antibodie
s

IgG

80%total,crossplacenta,opsonization

IgM
firstproduced,1015%total,activatecomplement

IgD
notknown,mayhelpCD4Th

IgA
bodyfluid,tears,bronchiolesecretions,saliva

IgE
allergicreactions,histaminerelease

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Mechanismofactionofantibodies

DirectAction

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ComplementSystem

Directactionofantibodies
oninvadingagents
1.
2.
3.
4.

AGGLUTINATION
PRECIPITATION
NEUTRALIZATION
LYSIS

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Complement System
Series of ~ 20 proteins
Activated by microorganisms
Will coat the microorganisms
Present normally among plasma proteins
The enzyme precursors can be activated by the
so called classical pathway
s

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Functions of Complement Activation

complement

bacteria
1. lysis

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phagocyte
2. chemotaxis

bacteria
3. opsonization

Antibody-Activated Phagocytosis
opsonization
bacterium

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Fc receptor

IgE and Histamine Release

IgE receptor
binding of IgE
to Fc receptor

histamine
vesicles

bind

ing

i g en
t
n
a
of

antigen

antigen

release of histamine

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ThankYou

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T-cells
Act over a short range
Interact with another cell in body
Can kill or signal other cell
Only recognize antigen when presented
on surface of target cell

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T-cells
Cytotoxic Cells
kill infected cells

Helper Cells

(two types)
activate macrophages and B-cells

Suppressor Cells
regulate activity

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T-Cell Function
TH2

TH1

activation

activation
Antigen
presentation

Antigen
presentation

LGL

TC

cytotoxicity

macrophage

Virally infected cell and

some tumor cells

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Antibody Production

Mhc-molecules

MHC-I
present foreign peptides to cytotoxic cells

MHC-II
present foreign peptides to helper cells

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Mhc-molecules
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS

HELPER T-CELLS
Th

Tc
foreign
protein

Class I
MHC

infected
target
cell

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Class II
MHC

antigenpresenting
cell

Helper T-cells
Helper T-Cells stimulate macrophages and B-cells
Helper T-Cells recognize foreign antigen bound to
MHC-II proteins on surface of antigen-presenting cells
Two signals are required for activation of Helper T-Cells

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Activation of Helper T-cells

antigen
antigenpresenting
cell

signal 1

Th

activation

CD4
signal 2

signal 2 is chemical (interleukin-1) or membrane bound molecule

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Activation of Helper T-cells

Il-2
antigenpresenting
cell

Il-2 receptor

signal 1

Th

Th

CD4
proliferation

signal 2

Th

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Th

Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells recognize viral protein fragments on
surface of infected cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells induce infected cells to kill themselves
Bind to infected cells
Induce cell death
Punch holes in cell membrane

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Cytotoxic T-cells
Class I
MHC
infected
target
cell

Tc
CD8

Perforin discharge

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Natural Killer
destroy virus-infected cells
do not express antigen specific
receptors
cells with low levels of MHC I
induce cells to undergo apoptosis

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TC

TCR
MHC
Class I

NK

CD8
Inhibitory
receptor
No MHC
Class I
Target

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NK receptor