Shear and Diagonal Tension

Acknowledgement
This Powerpoint presentation was
prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel,
University of Louisville. This work
and other contributions to the text
by Dr. Weigel are gratefully
acknowledged.

Shear Stresses in Concrete

Beams
Flexural stress
Shear stress

Mc
f
I
VQ
v
Ib

Principal angle
2v
tan 2
f

Diagonal tension Mohrs circle

2

Principal stresses

f
f
f p v2
2
2
3

Shear Strength of Concrete

ACI Code Equation 11-3 conservative but
easy to use
ACI Code Equation 11-5 less conservative
but difficult to use

Shear Strength of Concrete

Vn Vc Vs
Vu Vn Vc Vs
Vc 2 f c' bw d

Equation 11-3

Vu d
Vc 1.9 f 2500 w
bw d Equation 11-5
M u

As
w
bw d
3.5 f c' bw d
Vu d
1
Mu
'
c

Shear Cracking of Reinforced

Beams
Flexural shear crack initiate from top of
flexural crack
For flexural shear cracks to occur, moment
must be larger than the cracking moment
and shear must be relatively large
Flexural shear cracks oriented at angle of
approximately 45 degrees to the
longitudinal beam axis
6

Flexural-shear Cracks

Shear Cracking of Reinforced

Beams
Web shear crack form independently
Typically occur at points of small moment and
large shear
Occur at ends of beams at simple supports
and at inflection points at continuous beam
8

Web-shear Cracks

Web Reinforcement
Stirrups
Hangers
At a location, the width of a diagonal crack is
related to the strain in the stirrup larger
strain = wider crack
To reduce crack width, stirrup yield stress is
limited to 60 ksi
10

Web Reinforcement
Small crack widths promote aggregate
interlock
Limiting stirrup yield stress also reduces
anchorage problems

11

Types of Stirrups

12

Types of Stirrups

13

Types of Stirrups

14

Types of Stirrups

15

Types of Stirrups

16

Types of Stirrups

17

Types of Stirrups

18

Types of Stirrups

19

Types of Stirrups

20

Behavior of Beams with Web

Reinforcement
Truss analogy
Concrete in compression is top chord
Longitudinal tension steel is bottom chord
Stirrups form truss verticals
Concrete between diagonal cracks form the
truss diagonals
21

Truss Analogy

22

Required Web Reinforcement

ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:
Footings and solid slabs
Certain hollow core units
Concrete floor joists
Shallow beams with h not larger than 10
23

Required Web Reinforcement

ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:
Beams built integrally with slabs and h less
than 24 in. and h not greater than the
larger of 2.5 times the flange
thickness or one-half the web width
Beams constructed with steel fiberreinforced concrete with strength
not
exceeding 6,000 psi and

Vu 2 f c' bw d
24

Stirrups
Diagonally inclined stirrups more efficient
than vertical stirrups
Not practical
Bent-up flexural bars can be used instead

25

Bent-up Bar Web Reinforcement

26

Shear Cracking
The presence of stirrups does not materially
effect the onset of shear cracking
Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have
occurred
After cracks occurs, the beam must have
sufficient shear reinforcement to resist
the load not resisted by the concrete in
shear
27

Benefits of Stirrups
Stirrups carry shear across the crack directly
Promote aggregate interlock
Confine the core of the concrete in the beam
thereby increasing strength and ductility
Confine the longitudinal bars and prevent cover from
prying off the beam
Hold the pieces on concrete on either side of the
crack together and prevent the crack from
propagating into the compression region
28

Design for Shear

Vu Vn Vc Vs

0.75

Stirrups crossing a crack are assumed to

have yielded
Shear crack forms at a 45 degree angle

29

Design for Shear

Vs Av f y n
d
n
s
d
Vs Av f y
s
Av f y d
s
Vs
Vs

ACI Code Equation 11-15

Av f y sin cos d ACI Code

s

Equation 11-16
30

Design for Shear

31

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
ACI Code Section 11.4.6.1 if Vu exceeds
one-half Vc, stirrups are required
When shear reinforcement is required,
ACI Code Section 11.4.6.3 specifies a
minimum amount:
0.75 f ' b s
Av ,minimum

fy

50bw s

fy
32

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
To insure that every diagonal crack is
crossed by at least one stirrup, the
maximum spacing of stirrups is the
smaller of d/2 or 24 in.
If
maximum
spacings
are halved. See ACI Code Section 11.4.5.3
Vs 4 f c' bw d

33

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
Vs 8 f c' bw d See ACI Code Section 11.4.7.9

ACI Code Section 11.1.2 ->

f c' 100 psi

Stirrups should extend as close as cover

requirements permit to the tension and
compression faces of the member anchorage
34

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear

Stirrup hook requirements shown on

the next slide. See ACI Code
Section 8.1 and 12.13

In deep beams ( l /d < 4), large shear

may affect flexural capacity
In most cases, beam can be designed for
shear at a distance d from the face of the
support . See next three slides for
exceptions.
35

End Shear Reduction Not

Permitted

36

End Shear Reduction Not

Permitted

37

Corbels

38

ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

39

ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

40

ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

41

Shear Design Examples

42

Example 8.1
Determine the minimum cross section
required for a rectangular beam so that no
shear reinforcement is required. Follow
ACI Code requirements and use a concrete
strength of 4,000 psi. Vu = 38 k.

43

Example 8.1
Shear strength provided by concrete
Vc 2 f c' bw d 0.75 2 1.0 4000 bw d

94.87bw d

44

Example 8.1
ACI Code Section 11.4.6.1 requires:
Vc
Vu
2
94.87bw d
38, 000 lb
2
bw d 801.1

Use a 24 in x 36 in beam (d = 33.5 in)

45

Example 8.2
The beam shown in the figure was designed
using a concrete strength of 3,000 psi and
Grade 60 steel. Determine the
theoretical spacing for No 3 U-shaped
stirrups for the following values for shear:
(a) Vu = 12,000 lb
(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
(d) Vu = 150,000 lb
46

Example 8.2

47

Example 8.2
(a) Vu = 12,000 lb (use = 1)
Vc 0.75 2 1.0 3000 psi 14 in 24 in
27, 605 lb
1
Vc 13,803 lb 12, 000 lb
2
stirrups not required

48

Example 8.2
(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
Stirrups are needed since

Vc
Vu
2

Vn Vc Vs Vu
Vu Vc 40, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs

16,527 lb

0.75
s

Av f y d
Vs

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 24 in

16,527 lb

19.17 in

49

Example 8.2
(b) (cont) Maximum spacing to provide
minimum Av
s

Av f y
0.75 f c' bw
Av f y
50bw

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

0.75

3000 psi 14 in

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

50 14 in

22.95 in

18.86 in

50

Example 8.2
(b) (cont) ACI Code maximum spacing
Vs 16,527 lb 4 3000 psi 24 in 14 in 73, 614 lb
d
s 12 in
2

51

Example 8.2
(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
Vn Vc Vs Vu
Vu Vc 60, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs

43,193 lb

0.75
s

Av f y d
Vs

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 24 in

43,193 lb

7.33 in
52

Example 8.2
(c) (cont) ACI Code maximum spacing
s

Av f y
0.75 f c' bw
Av f y
50bw

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

0.75

3000 psi 14 in

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

50 14 in

22.95 in

18.86 in

53

Example 8.2
(c) (cont) ACI Code maximum spacing
Vs 43,193 lb 4 3000 psi 24 in 14 in 73, 614 lb
d
s 12 in
2

Use s = 7.33 in
54

Example 8.2
(d) Vu = 150,000 lb
Vn Vc Vs Vu
Vu Vc 150, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs

163,193 lb

0.75
163,193 lb 8 3000 psi 14 in 24 in 147, 228 lb
a larger beam or higher value of f c' is required

55

Example 8.3
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
shown. The beam carries loads of D = 4
k/ft and L= 6 k/ft. Use normal weight
concrete with a strength of 4,000 psi and
Grade 60 steel.

56

Example 8.3

57

Example 8.3

58

Example 8.3
wu 1.2 4 k ft 1.6 6 k ft 14.4 k ft

Vu (left end) 7 ft 14.4 k ft 100.8 k

84 in 22.5 in
Vu (d from face of support)
100.8 k
84 in

73.8 k

Vc 2 f c' bw d
0.75 2 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in
32, 018 lb
59

Example 8.3
Vu = 100.8 14.4x

60

Example 8.3
Vu Vc Vs

Vs Vu Vc 73,800 lb 32, 018 lb 41, 782 lb

41, 782 lb
Vs
55, 709 lb
0.75
4 f c' bw d 4 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in 85,382 lb
Because 85,380 lb Vs 55, 709 lb
smax

d
11.25 in
2
61

Example 8.3

62

Example 8.3
Maximum theoretical spacing
s

Av f y d
Vs

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 22.5 in

55, 709 lb

5.33 in
Maximum spacing to provide minimum stirrup area
s

Av f y
'
c w

0.75 f b

Av f y
50bw

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

0.75 4000 psi 15 in

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

50 15 in

18.55 in

17.60 in
63

Example 8.3
At what location along the beam is s = 9 in OK?
Av f y d
Vu Vc Vs 32, 018 0.75

2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
32, 018 0.75
56, 768 lb

Vu 100.8 14.4 x 56.77k , x 3.058 ft 36.69 in

64

Example 8.3
Terminate stirrups when Vu < Vc/2
Vc 32, 016
Vu

16, 009 lb 16.01k

2
2
Vu 100.8 14.4 x 16.01k , x 5.89 ft 70.66 in

65

Example 8.3
Distance from
face of support
(ft)

Vu (lb)

Vs (lb)

Theoretical s
(in)

1.875=22.5

73,800

55,709

5.33

2 = 24

72,000

53,309

5.57

3 = 36

57,600

34,109

8.71

3.058= 36.69

56,768

33,000

4= 48

43,200

14,909

> Maximum
d/2 = 11.25

5.89 = 70.66

16,008

terminate
66

Example 8.3
Corrected spacing:
1 @ 2 in = 2 in
7 @ 5 in = 35 in
4 @ 9 in = 36 in

Cumulative (in)
2
37 > 36.69
73 >70.66

67

Example 8.4
Determine the value of Vc at a distance 3 ft
from the left end of the beam of Example
8.3, using ACI Equation 11-5

68

Example 8.4

Vu d
'
Vc 1.9 f 2500 w
b
d

3.5

f
w
c bw d
M u

Vu (at 3 ft) 7 ft 14.4 k ft 3 ft 14.4 k ft 57.6 k

'
c

M u (at 3 ft) 3 ft 100.8 k 3 ft 1.5 ft 14.4 k ft

237.6 k-ft

69

Example 8.4
5.06 in 2
w
0.0150
15 in 22.5 in

57.6 k 22.5 in

Vu d

0.456 1.0 use 0.456

M u 12in ft 237.6 k-ft

Vc 1.9 1 4000 psi 2500 0.0150 0.456 15 in 22.5 in

46,328 lb
3.5 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in 74, 709 lb

Using the simplified formula (ACI Eq. 11-3)

for Vc results in a value of 42,691 lb1-5

70

Example 8.5
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
of Example 8.3, assuming that the live load
is placed to produce maximum shear at the
beam centerline, and that the live load is
placed to produce the maximum shear at
the beam ends.

71

Example 8.5
Positioning of live load to produce maximum
shear at the beam ends is the same as
used in Example 8.3; that is, the full
factored dead and live load is applied over
the full length of the beam. Positioning of
the live load to produce maximum positive
shear at the beam centerline is shown in
the figure on the next slide.

72

Example 8.5

73

Example 8.5
Vu at face of left support = 100,800 lb (from Ex. 8.3)
From the loads shown on the previous slide, the factored
load on the left half of the beam is wu = 1.2 (4 k/ft) = 4.8
k/ft. The left reaction is obtained by summing moments
about the right support, and the shear at midspan is:

Vu (centerline) 50, 400 lb 7 ft 4.8 k ft 1000 lb k

16,800 lb

74

Example 8.5
Approximating the shear envelope with a straight
line between 100.8 k at the face of the support
and 16.8 k at midspan
100.8
k

78.3
k
Vc =
32.018 k

Stirrups carry
shear

Slope = (100.8
-16.8)/7 ft = 12
k/ft
16.8
k
Vc /2 =
16.009 k

concrete carries
shear

75

Example 8.5
22.5in
lb
Vu (d from face of support) 100,800 lb - (12, 000
)(
)
ft 12in / ft
78,300 lb
Vc 2 f c' bw d = 2 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in
= 42, 691 lb
Vc (0.75)(42, 691) 32, 018 lb

76

Example 8.5
Design the stirrups using the shear envelop
Terminate stirrups when Vu < Vc/2
Vc 32, 018
Vu

16, 009 lb 16.01k

2
2
Vu 100.8 12 x 16.01k , x 7.06 ft 84.79 in

This location is past midspan, so stirrups

cannot be terminated
77

Example 8.5
At x = d = 22.5 in
Vu Vc Vs

Vs Vu Vc 78,300 lb 32, 018 lb 46, 282 lb

46, 280 lb
Vs
61, 709 lb
0.75
Av f y d (2)(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
s=

4.81 in
Vs
61, 709
Results of similar calculations at other assumed
values of x are shown in the table that follows
78

Example 8.5
At what location along the beam is s = 9 in OK?
Av f y d
Vu Vc Vs 32, 018 0.75

2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
32, 016 0.75
56, 768 lb

Vu 100.8 12 x 56.77k , x 3.67 ft 44.03 in

Results of similar calculations for s = 6 in and s = 11 in
are shown in the table that follows
79

Example 8.5
Distance from face of
support (ft)

Vu (lb)

Vs (lb)

Theoretical s
(in)

0 to d = 1.875

78,300

61,709

4.81

76,800

59,709

4.97

2.638=31.66

69,143

49,500

6.00

64,800

43,709

6.79

3.67=44

56,768

33,000

9.00

52,800

27,709

10.71

4.04 = 49

52,268

27,000

11.00

40,800

11,709

> Maximum
d/2 = 11.25

7.066= 84.8

16,009

Terminate
80

Example 8.5
Selected spacing:
1 @ 2 in = 2 in
8 @ 4 in = 32 in
2 @ 6 in = 12 in
5 @ 9 in = 45 in

Cumulative (in)
2
34 > 32
46 > 44
89 > 85

81

Example 8.6
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for a T-beam
with bw = 10 in and d = 20 in, if the Vu
diagram is shown in the figure. Use normal
weight concrete a with a strength of
3,000 psi and Grade 60 steel.

82

Example 8.6

83

Example 8.6
Vu (d from face of support) 44, 000 lb
72 in 20 in

68, 000 lb 44, 000 lb

72 in

= 61,330 lb

Vc 2 f c' bw d
0.75 2 1 3000 psi 10 in 20 in
16, 430 lb
84

Example 8.6
Vc 16, 430

lb 8215 lb
2
2
Vu (d from face of support) 44, 000 lb
Stirrups are needed for a distance of
24,000 lb 8215 lb
72 in
72 in 119.4 in

24,000 lb

85

Example 8.6

86

Example 8.6
61,330 lb 16, 430 lb

V (left end)
s

0.75

59,870 lb

59,870 lb 4 f c' bw d 4 3000 psi 10 lb 20 lb

43,820 lb
59,870 lb 8 f c' bw d 87, 640 lb
d
Maximum spacing is 5 in
4
87

Example 8.6
The maximum stirrup spacing is 5 in whenever
Vs exceeds 43,820. From the figure, this
value is at about 56 in from the left end of
the beam.

88

Example 8.6
The maximum permissible stirrup spacing is
the smaller of the two following values:
s
s

Av f y
'
c w

0.75 f b
Av f y
50bw

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

0.75 3000 10 in

2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi

50 10 in

32.13 in

26.40 in

89

Example 8.6
Distance
from face
of support
(ft)

Vu (lb)

Vs (lb)

Theoretic
al s (in)

Maximum
Spacing
(in)

0 to d =
1.875

61,330

59,870

4.41

4.41

56,000

57,760

5.00

5.00

6-

44,000

36,760

7.18

5.00

6+

24,000

10,090

26.16

10.00

90

Example 8.6

91

Example 8.6
Selected spacing:
1 @ 3 in = 3 in
17 @ 4 in = 68 in
5@ 10 in = 50in

92