RATIO, VARIATION AND

PROPORTION
MATH10
ALGEBRA

Week 3 Day 1 Ratio, Variation and Proportion (Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2 nd

TODAYS
OBJECTIVE

Week 3 Day 1

At the end of the lesson the students are

expected to:
Use ratio and proportion in solving problems involving
them,
Identify the different types of variation,
Understand the difference between direct variation and
inverse variation,
Understand the difference between combined variation
and joint variation, and
Develop mathematical models using direct variation,
inverse variation, combined variation and joint variation.

Week 3 Day 1

Definition
Definition
RATIO
RATIO
AA ratio
ratio is
is an
an indicated
indicated quotient
quotient of
of two
two quantities.
quantities.
Every
Every ratio
ratio is
is aa fraction
fraction and
and all
all ratios
ratios can
can be
be
described
described by
by means
means of
of aa fraction.
fraction. The
The ratio
ratio of
of xx and
and
x
yy is
be
represented
as
is written
written as
as xx :: y,
y, itit can
can also
also
be
represented
as
x
y
xThus,
:y
Thus,

EXAMPL
E

Week 3 Day 1

1. Express the following ratios as simplified fractions:

a) 5 : 20
b)

(x2 4x 4): (x2 2x 8)

2. Write the following comparisons as ratios reduced

to lowest
terms. Use common units whenever
possible.
a) 4 students to 8 students
b) 4 days to 3 weeks
c) 5 feet to 2 yards
d) About 10 out of 40 students took Math Plus

Week 3 Day 1
Definition
Definition
PROPORTION
PROPORTION
AA proportion
proportion is
is aa statement
statement indicating
indicating the
the equality
equality of
of
x
x m
two
two ratios.
ratios.
m:n x: y m:n

y ,
Thus,
,,
are
Thus, y n
,
are
proportions.
proportions.
In
In the
the proportion
proportion xx :: yy =
=m
m :: n,
n, xx and
and nn are
are called
called the
the
extremes,
extremes, yy and
and m
m are
are called
called the
the means.
means. xx and
and m
m are
are
the
the called
called the
the antecedents,
antecedents, yy and
and nn are
are called
called the
the
consequents.
consequents.
In
In the
the event
event that
that the
the means
means are
are equal,
equal, they
they are
are called
called
the
the mean
mean proportional.
proportional.

EXAMPL
E

Week 3 Day 1

1. Find the mean proportional225

of : x x : 25.
2. Determine the value of x in the following
proportion:
1 : 20
a) 2 :x 5 =
x

b)

20 x

Week 3 Day 1

Definition
Definition
VARIATION
VARIATION
AA variation
variation is
is the
the name
name given
given to
to the
the study
study of
of the
the effects
effects
of
of changes
changes among
among related
related quantities.
quantities.
Variation
Variation describes
describes the
the relationship
relationship between
between variables.
variables.

Week 3 Day 1
Direct
Direct Variation
Variation
When
When one
one quantity
quantity is
is aa constant
constant multiple
multiple of
of another
another
quantity,
quantity, we
we say
say that
that the
the quantities
quantities are
are directly
directly
proportional
proportional to
to one
one another
another ..
Let
Let xx and
and yy represent
represent two
two quantities.
quantities. The
The following
following are
are
equivalent
equivalent statements:
statements:
yy =
= kx,
kx, where
where kk is
is aa nonzero
nonzero constant.
constant.
yy varies
varies directly
directly with
with x.
x.
yy is
is directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to x.
x.
The
The constant
constant kk is
is called
called the
the constant
constant of
of variation
variation or
or the
the
constant
constant of
of proportionality.
proportionality.
Definition page 304

EXAMPL
E

Week 3 Day 1

Write an equation that describes each variation.

17.d is directly proportional to t. d=r when t=1.
19.V is directly proportional to both l and w. V=6h when
w=3 qnd h=4.
24. W is directly proportional to both R and the square of
I. W=4 when R=100 and I=0.25.
(Exercises page 309)

EXAMPL
Week 3 Day 1
E
1. In the United States, the costs of electricity is directly
proportional to the number of kilowatt hours (kWh)
used. If a household in Tennessee on average used
3098 kWh per month and had an average monthly
electric bill of $179.99, find a mathematical model
that gives the cost of electricity in Tennessee in terms
the number
of kWh
used.
1 page to
304)
2. of
Hookes
Law states
that
the(Example
force needed
keep a
spring stretched x units beyond its natural length is
directly proportional x. Here the constant of
proportionality is called a spring constant.
a) Write Hookes Law as an equation.
b) If a spring has a natural length of 10 cm and a force
of 40 N is required to maintain the spring stretched
to a length of 15 cm, find the spring constant.
c)What force is needed to keep the spring stretched to
a length of 14cm? ( Exercise 23 page 191 from Algebra &
nd

Week 3 Day 1

Direct
Direct Variation
Variation with
with Powers
Powers
Let
Let xx and
and yy represent
represent two
two quantities.
quantities. The
The following
following are
are
equivalent
statements:
equivalent
statements:
n
y kx
,, where
where kk is
is aa nonzero
nonzero constant.
constant.
yy varies
varies directly
directly with
with the
the nth
nth power
power of
of x.
x.
yy is
is directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the nth
nth power
power of
of x.
x.

Definition page 305

EXAMPL
Week 3 Day 1
E
1. A brother and sister have weight (pounds) that varies
as the cube of the cube of height (feet) and they share
the same proportionality constant . The sister is 6 feet
tall and weighs 170 pounds. Her brother is 64 tall.
How much does he weigh?
(Your Turn page 306)

Week 3 Day 1
Inverse
Inverse Variation
Variation
Let
Let xx and
and yy represent
represent two
two quantities.
quantities. The
The following
following are
are
equivalent
equivalent statements:
statements:
k
y

,, where
kk is
aa nonzero
constant.
where
is
nonzero
constant.
x
yy varies
varies inversely
inversely with
with x.
x.
yy is
is inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to x.
x.
The
The constant
constant kk is
is called
called the
the constant
constant of
of variation
variation or
or the
the
constant
constant of
of proportionality.
proportionality.

Definition page 306

Demand (number of potential buyers)

EXAMPL
Week 3 Day 1
E
1. The number of potential buyers of a house decreases
as the price of the house increases (see the graph on
the below). If the number of potential buyers of a
house in a particular city is inversely proportional to
the price of the house, find a mathematical equation
that describes the demand for the houses as it relates
to the price. How many potential buyers will there be
for a $2 million house? (Example 3 page 306)
1000

(100,1000)

800
600

400

(200,500)
(400,250)
(600,167)

200

200

400

600

800

Price of the house (in thousands of dollars)

Week 3 Day 1

Inverse
Inverse Variation
Variation with
with Powers
Powers

k
If xandyarerelated
bytheequation
y n , thenwesaythat y varies
x
inversely
withthe nthpowerof x,or yisinversely
proportion
al
tothenthpowerof x.

Definition page 307

Week 3 Day 1
Joint
Joint Variation
Variation and
and Combined
Combined Variation
Variation
When
When one
one quantity
quantity is
is proportional
proportional to
to the
the product
product of
of two
two
or
or more
more other
other quantities,
quantities, the
the variation
variation is
is called
called joint
joint
variation.
variation.
I Prt
Example:
Example: Simple
Simple interest
interest which
which is
is defined
defined as
as
When
When direct
direct variation
variation and
and inverse
inverse variation
variation occur
occur at
at the
the
same
variation.
same time,
time, the
the variation
variation is
is called
called combined
combined
variation.
T
P k
V
Example:
Combined
gas
law
in
chemistry,
Example: Combined gas law in chemistry,

Definition page 307

EXAMPL
E

Week 3 Day 1

1. The gas in the headspace of a soda bottle has a

volume of 9.0 ml, pressure of 2 atm (atmospheres),
and a temperature of 298K (standard room
temperature of 77F). If the soda bottle is stored in a
refrigerator, the temperature drops to approximately
279K (42F). What is the pressure of the gas in the
headspace once the bottle is chilled?
(Example 4 page 308)

SUMMARY

Week 3 Day 1

Direct, inverse, joint and combined variation can

be used to model the relationship between two
quantities. For two quantities x and y we say that:
yisdirectly
proportion
altoxif y kx.

k
yisinversely
proportion
altoxif y .
x
Joint variation occurs when one quantity is directly
proportional to two or more quantities.
Combined variation occurs when one quantity is
directly proportional to one or more quantities and
inversely proportional to one or more other
quantities.

Week 3 Day 1

CLASSWO
RK

#s page 20, 27,46,53 page

309-310

HOMEWORK
#s 22, 32, 33,36, 37, 39,40,42,43,47 page 309-313