Analytic Geometry

Basic Concepts

Analytic Geometry
a

branch of mathematics
which uses algebraic
equations to describe the size
and position of geometric
figures on a coordinate
system.

Analytic Geometry
It

was introduced in the 1630s, an

important mathematical development,
for it laid the foundations for modern
mathematics as well as aided the
development of calculus.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and
Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665),
French mathematicians, independently
developed the foundations for analytic
geometry.

Analytic Geometry
link between algebra and
geometry was made possible by the
development of a coordinate
system which allowed geometric
ideas, such as point and line, to be
described in algebraic terms like
real numbers and equations.
also known as Cartesian geometry
or coordinate geometry.
the

Analytic Geometry
the

use of a coordinate system to

relate geometric points to real
numbers is the central idea of analytic
geometry.
by defining each point with a unique
set of real numbers, geometric figures
such as lines, circles, and conics can be
described with algebraic equations.

Cartesian Plane
The Cartesian plane, the basis of analytic
geometry, allows algebraic equations to be
graphically represented, in a process called
graphing.
It is actually the graphical representation
of an algebraic equation, of any form -graphs of polynomials, rational functions,
conic sections, hyperbolas, exponential and
logarithmic functions, trigonometric
functions, and even vectors.

Cartesian Plane

x-axis (horizontal axis)

where the x values are
plotted along.
y-axis (vertical axis)
where the y values are
plotted along.
origin, symbolized by 0,
marks the value of 0 of
both axes
coordinates are given in
the form (x,y) and is
used to represent
different points on the
plane.

Cartesian Coordinate System

y

5
4
3

II

(-, +)

(+, +)

1
x
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2

III

-3

(-, -)

IV

(+, -)
-4
-5

Cartesian Coordinate
y
System

Distance between Two Points

Midpoint between Two Points

Inclination of a Line
The

smallest angle , greater

than or equal to 0, that the line
makes with the positive direction
of the x-axis (0 < 180)
Inclination of a horizontal line is
0.

Inclination of a Line
y

y
L

Slope of a Line
the

tangent of the inclination

m = tan

Slope of a Line
passing

through two given points,

P1(x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) is equal to
the difference of the ordinates
divided by the differences of the
abscissas taken in the same order

Theorems on Slope
Two

non-vertical lines are parallel

if, and only if, their slopes are
equal.
Two slant lines are perpendicular
if, and only if, the slope of one is
the negative reciprocal of the
slope of the other.

Angle between Two Lines

Angle between Two Lines

If

is angle, measured counterclockwise,

between two lines, then

m2 is the slope of the terminal

side and m1 is the slope of the initial side

where