CLASSIFICATION OF SHORT DURATION FAULTS

(VOLTAGE SAGS) IN TRANSMISSION AND

DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEMS

Cambridge

SUMMARY
X

(Voltage Sag)

x1: Sag duration

x2: Sag magnitude

xn: Recovery slope

Descriptors
abstraction

Voltage sags
Classification

Sa
g
H1

Clas
s
C1

H2
H3
H4
H5

C2
C4
C7
C3

Fault
location
Transmission

Transmission
Distribution
Transmission
Distribution

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CONTENTS

Voltage Sag Definition

Significant Information of Voltage Sags
Classification Method
Classification Results
Conclusions
Future Work

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VOLTAGE SAG DEFINITION

A voltage magnitude event with a magnitude between

10% and 90% of the nominal rms voltage and duration
between 0.5 cycles and one minute. [IEEE Std. 1159].

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SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS (I)

Existing methods to characterise voltage sag use:
The lowest of the three-phase voltages
The longest duration
In this work, significant proposed descriptors have been
divided in:
Three-phase temporal descriptors
Single-phase temporal descriptors
Characterisation of faults based on symmetrical components

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SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS (II)

Definition-Three phase voltage sag descriptors
Vrms [p.u.]

Three phase sag

duration

1.0
0.9
Three phase sag
magnitude

Va
Vb
Vc

Time
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SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS (III)

Definition-Single phase voltage sags descriptors
Vrms [p.u.]
1.0
0.9

Voltage
fall slope

Voltage recovery
slope

Single phase sag

magnitude

Fall

Minimun stage
duration
Single phase sag
duration
System under fault Recovery

Time

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SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS (IV)

Characterisation of faults based on symmetrical
components [Bollen & Zhang 98]

k=0

k=3

k=2

k=5

k=4

k=1

Type A: equal voltage drop in three phases

Type Ca: voltage drop between phases b and c
Type Da: voltage drop in phase a
The voltage sag type indicates which phases are involved
in the event.
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CLASSIFICATION METHOD (I)

General Functionality
Training

Classification

Stored sag
x1:data
Sag duration

New sag

x2: Sag magnitude

x1: Sag duration

x2: Sag magnitude

xn: Recovery slope

xn: Recovery slope

Unsupervised
Learning
Classes and learning
parameters

Classes and learning

parameters

Recognition

Relationship between Classes

and Location of sags
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CLASSIFICATION METHOD (II)

Unsupervised Learning

Class 2
Class 1

Class 3

Classification
space

Class 4

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