Chapter 8

Data Transmission and Modems

Agenda

Circuit
Mode of transmission
Digital transmission
Analog transmission for digital signals - modems

Methods
Classification
Interfaces
Functions
Selection Criteria

Circuit
Signal rate
No. of signal changes (amplitude, frequency, or
phase) on a circuit per second
Baud
Types: dibits, tribits, and quadbits

Speed
No. of bits that a circuit can carry in 1 second
Bits per second (bps) used for measurement

Mode of Transmission
Data flow
Physical connection
Timing

Data Flow - US
Simplex transmission
Television and radio

Half-duplex (HDX) transmission

CB radio, terminal

Full-duplex (FDX) transmission

Telephone, computer to computer

Physical Connection
Parallel transmission
Fast
Simple
Line cost

Serial transmission
Complicated transmitter and receive
Decomposing and reconstructing

Timing
Asynchronous transmission
Start/stop bits for character synchronization
Mark (1or stop) /space (0 or start ) bits for bit
synchronization
Simple, inexpensive, slow speed transmission
For personal computer

Synchronous transmission
Clock circuitry
One to four synchronization characters for each block
of data
Large amount of data on dedicated line

Digital Signals
Unipolar (positive voltage for 1, no voltage for 0)
Bipolar, nonreturn-to zero (NRZ)
Manchester coding (low-to-high is 1, high-to- low is 0)
Differential Manchester (no transition at the beginning
of the bit period is 1, second transition at the beginning
of the bit period is 0)
Benefits: self-clocking, and error detection

Bipolar, return-to-zero

Benefits of Digital Transmission

Better data integrity (detect & correct error)

Higher capacity cables (fiber-optic)
Easier integration (voice, data, video, etc.)
Better security and privacy (encrypt data)
Lower cost (large-scale integrated circuitry)

Digital Transmission of Analog

Signals
Quantization
Quantizing noise or digitizing distortion

Codec (coder/decoder): analog-to-digital (A/D)

converter & digital-to-analog (D/A) converter
Methods
Pulse code modulation (256 integers, 8000 per second)
Adaptive differential pulse code modulation
(difference)
Delta modulation (1 for +, 0 for -)

Digital Transmission of Digital

Signals
Digital transmitter/receiver (data service
unit/channel service unit (DSU/CSU))
Simpler & cheaper

Transmitter for shaping & timing the signal,

interface between DTE and line
Receiver for protection of excessive
voltage, diagnostic and testing

Analog Transmission of Digital

signals (Modems I)
Modulation and Demodulation
Receiver (modulation), control unit (auto dial & auto
answer), transmitter (demodulation), & power supply
Equalizer in transmitter & adaptive equalizer in receiver
(adjust to fit the characteristics of the telephone line)

Methods
Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Phase shift keying (PSK): 180 degree (1 bit), 90 degree
(2 bits), 45 degree (3 bits)
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): combination
of 8 phases & 4 relative amplitudes

Modems - II
Methods
Trellis code modulation: signal processor, error
correction for error free transmission, high speed

Standards by ITU-T
V.32 for 9.6 kbps & V.32bis for 14.4 kbps
V.34 for 28.8 kbps & V.34+ or V.34bis for 33.6
kbps
V.90 for 56 kbps

Modems - III
Handshaking
Exchange signals between modems
Test the characteristics of circuit and quality
determine baud rate, modulation technique and
error control

Data compression
V.42bis by ITU-T
Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP 7 or 10)
by Microcom, Inc.

Modem Classification
Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
transmission modems
Asynchronous or synchronous transmission
modems
Acoustically coupled modems (portable)
Limited distance modems/short haul
modems (less than 20 miles)
Modem eliminators/null modems (cable less
than several thousand feet)

Modem Classification - II
Facsimile modems
Error correction and data compression

Modem for fiber-optics circuits

Digital-electrical to digital-optical

Cable modems
DTE to cable television system cable
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
(DOCSIS) by CableLabs
For large files and not logon process

Modem Classification - III

Reverse channel
Slow speed reverse channel for signaling one another

Auto dial/auto answer

Hayes Microcomputer Product, Inc.

Command AT for attention
Internet service provider usage
Dial-backup public telephone network connection for
leased telephone line

Internal modem
Single circuit card
No switch to change the parameters and operations

Modem Interfaces
Between modem and line
Between DTE and modem

Between Modem and Line

Two- to four-wire cable
RJ-11 plug

Between Modem and DTE

RS-232-C interface
V.24 interface
RS-232-D interface
RS-449 interface
RS-336 interface
X.21 interface
X.21bis interface
Current loop interface

RS-232-C Interface
By EIA and ITU-T V.24
Characteristics

25-pin connector at both end

digital and serial
Female for DCE and male for DTE
Pins 2 and 3 to pass data, other for signaling

Limitations
50 -100 feet cable length
2,400 - 9,600 bps
Hard to difference 0 and 1 when speed is high
and cable is long

RS-232-D Interface
Specifications for the 25-pin connector
Addition of a shield on the cable
Redefinition of protective ground and some
pins

RS-449 Interface
37 pins
4,000 feet cable
Not well accepted

RS-336 Interface
Automatic dialing from computer to remote
terminals for data collection
Not for high speed transmission

X. Interfaces
X.21 interface
Digital connection to a digital public telephone
network

X.21bis interface
Terminal to packet switch network via analog
line

Current Loop Interface

Represent 1 and 0 by presence or absence
of an electrical current
Simple and inexpensive
Nonstandard
Teletywriter system

Other Modem Functions

Reverse channel for signal one another to
determine the speed
Auto dial/auto answer
Modem diagnostics
Loop back for accuracy checking

Modem Selection Criteria

Digital or analog signals

Asynchronous or synchronous
Speed
Distance
Type of line
Cost
Functions

Spread Spectrum
Analog signal for analog or digital data
Frequency hopping ad direct sequence
Generated by Pseudo random number
generator

Points to Remember

Circuit
Mode of transmission
Digital transmission
Analog transmission for digital signals - modems

Methods
Classification
Interfaces
Functions
Selection Criteria

Discussion
Design the data transmission and modem
specification for a bank