Endocrine System

Hormones
& Homeostasis

AP Biology

2006-2007

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

maintaining internal balance in the body

organism must keep internal conditions
stable even if environment changes
also called dynamic equilibrium

example: body temperature

humans:
too cold = shiver
too warm = sweat

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lizard:
too cold = bask in sun
too warm = hide in shade

Regulation

How we maintain homeostasis

nervous system

nerve signals control body functions

endocrine system
hormones
chemical signals control body functions

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Nervous System Control

Feedback
Controlling Body Temperature
nerve signals
brain
sweat

high
body temperature
low
brain

constricts surface shiver

blood vessels
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nerve signals

dilates surface
blood vessels

Hormones

Why are hormones needed?

chemical messages from one body part
to cells in other parts of body
communication needed
to coordinate whole body
maintaining homeostasis

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growth hormones

Endocrine System

Endocrine system releases hormones

glands which secrete (release)

chemical signals into blood

chemicals cause changes

in other parts of body
growth hormones
sex hormones
response hormones
metabolism hormones
and more.

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Responding to hormones

Lock and key system

hormone fits receptor on target cell

target
cell
secreting
cell
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cant
read
signal

nontarget
cells

cant
read
signal

Glands

Pineal

Pituitary

insulin, glucagon

Ovary

adrenaline

Pancreas

thyroxine

Adrenal

many hormones:
master gland

Thyroid

melatonin

estrogen

Testes

testosterone
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Feedback

Maintaining homeostasis
hormone 1

lowers
body condition

gland

high
specific body condition
low
raises
body condition

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gland

hormone 2

Negative Feedback

Response to changed body condition

if body is high or low from normal level

signal tells body to make changes that will

bring body back to normal level

once body is back

to normal level,
signal is
turned off
gland

hormone 1
lowers
body condition

high
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specific body condition

Endocrine System Control

Regulation of Blood Sugar

Feedback

insulin
body
cells take
up sugar
from blood

pancreas

liver stores
sugar

high

liver

blood sugar level

(90mg/100ml)

low
triggers
hunger

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liver
releases
sugar

liver

pancreas
glucagon

reduces
appetite

Everyones doing it, so

Ask Questions!!

AP Biology

2006-2007

Sex & Growth Hormones

Large scale body

changes

how do they work

turn genes on
start new processes
in the body by
turning genes on
that were lying
dormant

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Pituitary gland hormones

Sex & reproductive hormones

FSH

LH

luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovaries & testes
prepares uterus for fertilized egg

oxytocin

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates egg & sperm production

stimulates childbirth contractions

releases milk in nursing mothers

prolactin

milk production in nursing mothers

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hormones

hormones

Reproductive hormones

Testosterone

from testes
sperm production
& secondary
sexual
characteristics

Estrogen

from ovaries
egg production,
preparing uterus
for fertilized egg
& secondary
sexual
characteristics

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Male
reproductive
system

Sperm production

over 100 million produced per day!

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Biology
~2.5 million released per drop!

seminiferous
tubule

sperm

spermatocytes
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Male reproductive system

Testes & epididymis

sperm production &

maturation

Glands
seminal vesicles,
prostate,
bulbourethal
produce seminal
fluid

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nutrient-rich

Male reproductive system

Testicles

Scrotum

where sperm mature

Vas deferens

sac that holds testicles outside of body

Epididymis

produces sperm & hormones

tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis

Prostate, seminal vesicles,

Cowpers (bulbourethal) glands

nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm

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Female reproductive system

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Female reproductive system

Ovaries

Uterus

tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus

Cervix

nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month

Fallopian tubes

produces eggs & hormones

opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby

Vagina

birth canal for birthing baby

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Female reproductive system

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Egg maturation in ovary

releases
progesterone

maintains
uterus
lining

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produces estrogen

LH

Menstrual cycle

Controlled by
interaction of
4 hormones egg development
FSH & LH
estrogen
progesterone

FSH
ovulation = egg release

corpus luteum

estrogen
progesterone
lining of uterus

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days 0

14

21

28

Feedback

Female reproductive cycle

egg
matures &
is released
(ovulation)

estrogen

builds up
uterus lining
corpus
luteum

ovary

progesterone
FSH & LH

maintains
uterus lining

fertilized egg
(zygote)

yes

pituitary
gland

pregnancy
GnRH

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hypothalamus

no
corpus luteum breaks down
progesterone drops
menstruation

HCG
corpus
luteum

progesterone
maintains
uterus lining

Female hormones

FSH & LH

Estrogen

released from pituitary

stimulates egg development & hormone release
peak release = release of egg (ovulation)
released from ovary cells around developing egg
stimulates growth of lining of uterus
decreasing levels causes menstruation

Progesterone

released from corpus luteum in ovaries

cells that used to take care of developing egg
stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus
decreasing levels causes menstruation
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Fertilization

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Any Questions??

AP Biology

2006-2007

What do they do?

Maintain homeostasis
blood sugar level
temperature control

Start a new process

growth
fetal development
sexual development

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Body Temperature

Negative Feedback

Negative feedback

every time body is

high or low from
normal level a signal
tells the body to
make changes that
will bring body back
body temperature
control of blood sugar

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Regulation by chemical messengers

Neurotransmitters released by neurons

Hormones release by endocrine glands
endocrine gland
neurotransmitter

axon
hormone
carried by blood

receptor proteins
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receptor proteins

target cell

Body Regulation

Nervous system &

Endocrine system work
together

hypothalamus

master nerve control center

receives information from
nerves around body about
internal conditions

communicates with
pituitary gland

master gland
releases many hormones
hormones
sexual development, growth,

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milk production, pain-relief

hormones