1

by

(continuous-time signal)

x(t) t
(discrete-time signal)

n (sequence) x[n] n



1n
( ),
x[n] xn 3
0,

1 1
1 n
{x n }
{ , 0, 1, , , , ( ) ,}
3 9
3

n0
n0

(number sequence)

x[ n] {2,1,-1, 0,1,4,3,7}

n = 0 x[0] = 0
n = 0

 (analog signal) (
) [a, b]
(continuous-valued signal) a b

(digital signal)
( )
(discrete-valued signal)

 1- 4

 (
)
(quantization)

 1-6

 1-7 1.6 ( )

 (periodic signal) x(t)

x(t T ) x(t ), t
(1.1)

(nonperiodic or aperiodic signal)

x(t)

x (t mT0 ) x (t ), tm

T0 x(t) (fundamental period)

x[n]

x[n mN 0 ] x[n ], nm

N0 x[n]

 1-8

 1-1 1/f0
[ ] x(t) x(t) (1.1)
x(t T ) cos( 2f 0 (t T )) cos(2f 0 t 2f 0T ) cos( 2f 0 t )

cos( ) cos( 2m ), m
T = m/f0 x(t) (1.1)
x(t)
T T0 =
1/f0

 1-2: x(t ) e j 2f 0t

[ ] x(t) x(t) (1.1)

x(t T ) e

j 2f 0 ( t T )
j 2f 0T

j 2f 0t

j 2f 0T

j 2f 0t

1
e
f0 (i)0
(
)
f0 0
(1.1)
j 2 m
2

f
T

2
m

e
1

(ii)
,
0 T

(1.1)
T T0 =1/f0

 (even signal) x(t) x[n]

x(t ) x(t )
x [ n] x [ n ]

(odd signal) x(t) x[n]

x( t ) x(t )
x [ n] x [ n]

1-9

 1-10

x ( t ) x e ( t ) xo ( t )

x[n ] xe [n ] xo [n ]

1
xe (t ) [ x(t ) x(t ) ]
2
1
xo (t ) [ x(t ) x(t ) ]
2

1
xe [n ] ( x[n ] x[n ])
2
1

xo [n ] ( x[n ] x[n ])
2

 (deterministic signal)

(random
signal)

 1-4 x (t ) cos( w0 t / 6)

(1.9)

3
x e (t ) [cos( w0 t ) cos( w0 t )]
cos( w0 t )
2
6
6
2

1
xo (t ) [cos( w0 t ) cos( w0 t )] sin( w0 t )
2
6
6
2

[ ]

3
1
x (t ) cos( w0 t / 6)
cos( w0 t ) sin( w0 t )
2
2
( cos( w0 t )
sin( w0 t ) )
x(t) 1-11

 1-11 1-4

 1-5 x (t ) cos( w0t )

w0

[ ] w0 x(t) ( t

x(t) ) w0 =/3
=/3
x(t) ( t

x(t) )


x(t) (total energy) E
(average power) P :

2
(1.13)
E x(t ) dt
(joules)

1
P lim
T T

T /2

T / 2

x(t ) dt

(watts)

x[n] E P

2
E x[n ]
n

N
1
2
P lim
x[n ]
N 2 N 1 n N

x(t) E
0 E
x(t) P
0 P

 1-6 T0 x (t ) A cos( w0 t )
w0 2 / T0

( 2
)
[ ] (1.17) x(t)

1
P
T0

2T0

1
x(t ) dt
T0

T0

T0
0

2
A
A 2 dt
2T0

T0
0

T0
0

1
A cos ( w0 t )dt
T0
2

T0
0

1 cos(2w0 t 2 )
A
dt
2
2

A2
cos(2 w0 t 2 )dt

0 x(t)

 e at ,

t0

0,

else

1-7 x(t )

a > 0

[ ] (1.13) x(t)

x(t ) dt e
2

2 at

1 2 at
1
dt e

2a
2a
0

x(t)

 1-8 x(t ) t,

t0

0,

else

[ ] (1.13) x(t)

x(t ) dt
2

t
t dt
3
2

(1.14) x(t)

0
3

1
1 (T / 2)
T
2
P lim t dt lim
lim

T T 0
T T
T 24
3
T /2

x(t)



(system)
x
y
(transformation) (mapping) x
y y = T [x]

1-13

 x(t) y(t)
(continuous time
system)
x[n] y[n]
(discrete
time system)

 /
1-15 RC

y(t) RC
/

dy (t )
1
1

y (t )
x (t )
dt
RC
RC

1-15 RC

 y(t) y[n]
x(t) x[n]
(memoryless system)
y(t) y[n]
x(t) x[n]
(memory system)


1-16 RC
y(t)
/

y (t ) Rx (t )
y(t)

1-16 RC

 y(t)
/

1
y (t )
C

x( )d

y(t) t
(
)

 y
x
(causal system)
y x
(non-causal
system)

,
( )

y (t ) x(t ) x (t 2)
y(t) x(t) 2
x(t2)

y [ n ] x[ n ] x[ n 2 ]
y[n] x[n]
2 x[n+2]

 T[]
(additivity) T[x1]= y1 T[x2]= y2
T[x1+x2]= y1+y2 x1 x2
(homogeneity or scaling) T [x] =
y T [x] = y x

(superposition property):

(nonlinear system)
(nonlinear
system)

 1-17

 1-16 / y (t ) (t 2) x(t )

[ ] x1(t) x2(t)
y1(t) y2(t)
y1 (t ) T [ x1 (t )] (t 2) x1 (t )

y2 (t ) T [ x2 (t )] (t 2) x2 (t )
1x1(t)+2x2(t)
T [1 x1 (t ) 2 x2 (t )] (t 2)[1 x1 (t ) 2 x2 (t )]
1 (t 2) x1 (t ) 2 (t 2) x2 (t )
1 y1 (t ) 2 y2 (t )

2
y
(
t
)

x
(t )
1-17 / :

[ ] x1(t) x2(t)
y1(t) y2(t)
2

y1 (t ) T [ x1 (t )] x1 (t )
2

y 2 (t ) T [ x 2 (t )] x 2 (t )

1x1(t)+2x2(t)

T [1 x1 (t ) 2 x2 (t )] [1 x1 (t ) 2 x2 (t )]2
1 x1 (t ) 21 2 x1 (t ) x2 (t ) 2 x2 (t )
2

1 y1 (t ) 2 y 2 (t )


t0( ) n0( )

t0 n0
(time-invariant system)
(timevarying system)

 1-18

 1-18 1-16 y (t ) (t 2) x(t )

[ ] x1(t) x2(t)
t0
xd (t ) x(t t0
)

yd (t ) T [ xd (t )] T [ x(t t0 )] (t 2) x(t t0 )
t0

y (t t0 ) (t t0 2) x(t t0 )
yd (t )

y (t t0 )

 1-19 / :
y (t ) cos( x (t ))

[ ] x1(t)
x2(t) t0
xd (t ) x(t t0 )
yd (t ) T [ xd (t )] T [ x(t t0 )] cos( x(t t0 ))

t0

y (t t0 ) cos( x (t t0 ))
yd (t )

y (t t0 )

 (bounded-input)
(bounded-output)
BIBO (bounded-input/bounded-output) (stable
system)

x c1

y c2 , c1 c2

(
) (unstable system)

 1-20 :y (t ) x (t 5)
BIBO
[ ] | x(t ) | c

| y (t ) || x (t
5) | c
BIBO

 1-21 /
y (t )
BIBO
[ ] x (t ) 1,

0,

t,
y (t )
0,

x( )d

t0
else

t0
else