JUDGEMENT &

PROPOSITION

What is judgment?
Is

the mental act which

affirms
or
denies
something.

Judgment
Example:

The term lady and the

term beautiful are neither true nor
false.
But when the intellect compares
these two terms and expresses
whether they agree or disagree in a
statement, then we can say whether
the statement is true or false.
Thus, the sentence The lady is
beautiful could now be said to be
true or false.

Affirm-

means to say that

something is true in a confident
way.

Deny-

means to say that

something is not true or to refuse
to accept or admit (something).

Components of Judgment
1. Existence of two concepts
Take the form of subject and
predicate in a proposition.
2. Comparison of two concepts
Manifest the process of knowing the
relationship between two concepts.

3. Pronouncement of agreement
& disagreement
Embodies the principles behind
the true essence of judgment.

Proposition

Defined as a statement
which affirms or denies
something about a certain
reality or object.

Example:
A square is a
quadrangle.
This sentence affirms the fact
that a square really has 4

Proposition
*All propositions are sentences
but not all sentences are
propositions.
Example: Keep quiet!
This example do not pronounce
any judgment. Because it
lacks
the
element
of

Proposition
To facilitate proper understanding
of a logical statement, the
following elements must always
be present. These are:
1. Subject
2. Predicate
3. Copula

3 Elements of Proposition
Subject is a term which is to be
affirmed
or denied.
Predicate is that which is to be
affirmed
or denied of the subject.
Copula pronounces the agreement or
disagreement between two
terms. Its main function is to
connect the subject to the
predicate.
The copula is usually presented in a
present indicative mood of the verb

Proposition

Though in some cases propositions

are not expressed in logical
form. There is still a need to
transform them so that the
true nature of the proposition
will clearly be known. This can
be done by following the logical
pattern of a simple proposition
which is..
SUBJECT-----

COPULA

-----

Proposition

SUBJECT----PREDICATE

COPULA

-----

Example: Athletes are people with

energy.
This could be reconstructed into a
logical form of All athletes are
energetic people.

THREE ELEMENTS OF A PROPOSITION

Subject

Copula

Predicate

A lion

is

a
mammal.

Politicians

are

verbose.

Both of these propositions are affirmative. The

copula affirms the predicate of the subject.

ANY QUERIES..?

Activity
1.

Give at least 5 examples of

proposition and identify the
elements.

Thank you..