EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT
(PART 1)
Planning
Response
Recovery

OBJECTIVE
This course will help existing EMG,
EOG and employees understand
emergency response procedures
when responding to emergency
situations.
To learn how to respond
to any emergency situation
effectively so that can minimize
potential harms.

WHY ERP IS IMPORTANT?

Why it is important to know

about emergency response?

You may be involved in the

emergency response activities and
may also become the first

responder.

WHY ERP IS IMPORTANT?

To safe live
To protect property
To contain the
emergency situation
To inform affected people
To evacuate affected people
To rectify the emergency situation
To restore the situation

SEVEN PRIORITIES

Protect life
Protect property
Evaluate the situation
Notify relevant parties
Consider evacuation
Perform repair activities
Re-Establish services

WHAT IS AN EMERGENCY?
An emergency is any unplanned event that
can cause deaths or significant injuries to
employees, customers or the public.
OR
That can shut down your business, disrupt
operations, cause physical or
environmental damage,
or threaten the companys
financial standing or
public image.

EMERGENCY
Events which can be considered an
emergencies are
Fire
Explosion
Toxic Release
Also.others such as
Flood or flash flood
Earthquake

LEVEL OF EMERGENCY
OPERATION
MODE

NORMAL

PLANT
STATE

Normal

OPERATIONAL
GOAL

Keep
normal

CRITICAL
SYSTEMS

Process units,
Automatic
Controls and
Applications

OPERATION
& SUPPORT
ACTIVITIES

Preventive,
Monitoring
and Testing

LEVEL OF EMERGENCY

LEVEL 1

OPERATION
MODE

NORMAL

ABNORMAL

PLANT
STATE

Normal

Abnormal

OPERATIONAL
GOAL

Keep
normal

Return to
normal

CRITICAL
SYSTEMS

Process units,
Automatic
Controls and
Applications

Safety
shutdown
And protective
applications

OPERATION
& SUPPORT
ACTIVITIES

Preventive,
Monitoring
and Testing

Manual
Intervention
& troubleshooting

LEVEL OF EMERGENCY

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2
ON SITE

OPERATION
MODE

NORMAL

ABNORMAL

MINOR
EMERGENCY

PLANT
STATE

Normal

Abnormal

Out of control

OPERATIONAL
GOAL

Keep
normal

Return to
normal

Bring to
safe state

CRITICAL
SYSTEMS

Process units,
Automatic
Controls and
Applications

Safety
shutdown
And protective
applications

Physical/
Mechanical
Containment
system

OPERATION
& SUPPORT
ACTIVITIES

Preventive,
Monitoring
and Testing

Manual
Intervention
& troubleshooting

Local
Evacuation,
first aid and
Fire fighting

LEVEL OF EMERGENCY

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2
ON SITE

LEVEL 3
OFF SITE

OPERATION
MODE

NORMAL

ABNORMAL

MINOR
EMERGENCY

MAJOR
EMERGENCY

PLANT
STATE

Normal

Abnormal

Out of control

Disaster

OPERATIONAL
GOAL

Keep
normal

Return to
normal

Bring to
safe state

Minimize
impact

CRITICAL
SYSTEMS

Process units,
Automatic
Controls and
Applications

Safety
shutdown
And protective
applications

Physical/
Mechanical
Containment
system

Emergency
Response
system

Preventive,
Monitoring
and Testing

Manual
Intervention
& troubleshooting

Local
Evacuation,
first aid and
Fire fighting

Require
external
help
evacuation
of public

OPERATION
& SUPPORT
ACTIVITIES

SEEDS OF DISASTER
EVENT
Loss of
containment
e.g.
LNG,
Chlorine,
Propane etc

CAUSES

PREVENTION

Flanges and Suitable material

valves
(pipework, vessel,
leakage
flanges, gaskets,
valves, etc.)
Due to
specified at design
failure of
stage.
gasket,
packing, or Ensure correct
mechanical design parameters.
failure of
casing, weld

CONTROL
Tighter control
during
procurement,
purchasing and
installation of
components;
Integrity audits;
Maintenance;
Monitoring of
performances
pressure,
flow

MITIGATION
Alarm systems
Fire fighting
systems
Emergency
Response Team
Insurance

LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

THRESHOLD

LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

INCIDENT

LOSS

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROG. STD
COMP. TO
STD

PERSONAL
FACTORS
&
JOB
FACTORS

SUB
STANDARD
ACTS
&
CONDITIONS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS
PLANET

IMMEDIATE
CAUSE

INCIDENT

LOSS

CONTACT WITH
ENERGY OR
SUBSTANCE
1.Struck against (running or
bumping into)
2. Struck by (hit by moving object)
3. Fall to lower level
4. Fall on Same Level (Slip and Fall,
Tip Over)
5. Caught In (Pinch and Nip Points)

6. Caught On (Snagged, Hung)

7. Caught Between (Crushed or
Amputated)
8. Contact With (Electricity, Heat,
Cold, Radiation, Caustic, Toxic,
Noise)
9. Overstress, Overexertion, Overload

IMMEDIATE
CAUSE
BASIC
CAUSE

SUBSTD. ACT

SUBSTANDARD
ACTS
AND
CONDITIONS

1.Operating Equipment Without Authority

2. Failure to Warn/Secure
3. Operating at Improper Speed
4. Making Safety Devices Inoperable
5. Removing Safety Devices
6. Using Defective Equipment
7. Failing to use PPE
8. Improper Loading/ Placement/ Lifting
9. Horseplay, etc.

INCIDENT

SUBSTD. COND

1.Inadequate Guards or Barriers

2.Inadequate/Improper PPE
3.Defective Tools, Equipment/Materials
4.Congestion or Restricted Action
5.Inadequate Warning System
6.Fire & Explosion Hazards
7. Poor Housekeeping, Disorder
8.Noise, Radiation Exposure
9.Temperature Extreme, Inadequate
Ventilation

BASIC
CAUSE
LACK OF
CONTROL

PERSONAL FACTOR
JOB FACTOR

PERSONAL
1.Inadequate Capability
- Physical/Physiological
- Mental/Psychological
2. Lack of Knowledge & Skill
3. Stress
- Physical/Physiological
- Mental/Psychological
4. Improper Motivation

IMMEDIATE.
CAUSE

JOB
1. Inadequate Leadership & Supervision
2. Inadequate Engineering
3. Inadequate Purchasing
4. Inadequate Maintenance
5. Inadequate Tools, Equipment, Materials
6. Inadequate Work Standards
7. Abuse or Misuse
8. Wear and Tear

LACK OF
CONTROL
BASIC
CAUSE

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROGRAM STANDARDS
COMPLIANCE TO STDS
1. Management commitment, Policy
2.Employee Participation
3.Training
4. Planned Inspection
5. Accident/Incident Investigation &
Analysis
6. PPE
7. Emergency Response

8. Task Analysis & Procedure

9. Hazard ID, Evaluation & Control
10.Health Control
11. Safety Committee
12. Audit
13. Procurement & Contractor Selection
14. .
15. ..

LOSS CAUSATION

THRESHOLD
LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

INCIDENT

LOSS

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROG. STD
COMP. TO
STD

PERSONAL
FACTORS
&
JOB
FACTORS

SUB
STANDARD
ACTS
&
CONDITIONS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS
PLANET

PROBLEM SOLVING

THRESHOLD
LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

INCIDENT

LOSS

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROG. STD
COMP. TO STD

PERSONAL
FACTORS
&
JOB
FACTORS

SUB
STANDARD
ACTS
&
CONDITIONS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS
PLANET

contact

Postcontact

Pre-contact

LOSS CAUSATION
PROBLEM SOLVING
THRESHOLD
LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

INCIDENT

LOSS

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROG. STD
COMP. TO STD

PERSONAL
FACTORS
&
JOB
FACTORS

SUB
STANDARD
ACTS
&
CONDITIONS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS
PLANET

contact

Postcontact

Pre-contact

LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

INCIDENT

LOSS

INADEQUATE
PROGRAM
PROG.STD
COMP.TO STD

PERSONAL
FACTORS
&
JOB
FACTORS

SUB
STANDARD
ACTS
&
CONDITIONS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS
PLANET

LOSS CAUSATION
PROBLEM SOLVING
OSH-MS
Safe Operating Procedures, Training,
Supervision, Maintenance, PPE

Activity: PREVENTION

THRESHOLD

Workers
exposed
to hazards

Activity: MITIGATION

PRE-CONTACT CONTROL

Most fruitful stage

Develop optimum program

commitment from top management - Policy

Training
Engineering control
Task observation, analysis and procedures
Management of change
Maintenance and inspection
Hazard identification & assessment
Contractor Control
PPE
Accident/incident investigation & analysis

CONTACT CONTROL

substitution of alternate energy form or

less harmful substances
reducing the amount of energy used or
released
placing barricades or barriers between the
source of energy and the people or
property
modifying contact surfaces
strengthening the body or structure

POST-CONTACT CONTROL
Implementation of the emergency action
plans
proper first aid and medical care for people
rescue operations
fire and explosion control
removal of damaged equipment, materials
and facilities from use until repaired
prompt repair of damaged equipment,
materials and facilities

POST-CONTACT CONTROL

prompt ventilation of the air-polluted

workplace
effective cleanup of spills
compensation claims control
liability claims control
salvage and waste control measures to
reclaim all possible value from damaged
items
prompt and effective rehabilitation of
injured workers to a productive life

EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
(PART 2)
CIMAH
REGULATION
REQUIREMENTS

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Applicable to

Non-Major Hazard Installation

Major Hazard Installation

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Non-Major Hazard Installation

Regulation 10 (c)

Prepared and kept up to date Onsite ERP

Regulation 11

Director General may ask for submission

Director General may review
Director General shall ask for improvement

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Major Hazard Installation

Regulation 18 (1)

Consult Competent Person

Prepared and kept up to date Onsite ERP
Plan should mentioned person responsible
for site safety
Authorised person to take action during
emergency

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Major Hazard Installation

Regulation 18 (2)

Constantly updated if any changes

Informed affected person of the changes

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Major Hazard Installation

Regulation 18 (3)

Submit the Onsite to Director General

Time frame
Extension by Director General

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Major Hazard Installation

Regulation 19 (1)

ERP updating
Consult Competent Person

Regulation 20

Director General may review

Direct the manufacturer for improvement
Specify the time

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Offsite ERP
Regulation 21 (1)

Manufacturer inform local authority or port

authority
his industrial activity is capable of producing
major accident
for the need of offsite ERP preparation

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Offsite ERP
Regulation 21 (2)
(a) Time frame to inform local or port authority
(b) Provide information to local or port
autority related to nature, extent and likely
effects offsite of any
possible major accident
(c)afford to the local or port authority all
reasonable facilities upon request

CIMAH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

Offsite ERP
Regulation 21 (3)
Local or port authority may prepare and
updating Offsite ERP

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Main elements of an Emergency Response

Plan:
Plan Administration and Maintenance:
keeping the plan update and 'alive'. An
ERP is a living document.
Information: consisting of plan
descriptions and records.
Emergency Action Procedure and
Format: emergency response procedures
for personnel to follow in the event of
an emergency.

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Plan Administration and Maintenance

Distribution List
Amendment List
Equipment Maintenance Requirement
Training Requirement Schedule
Procedure Updates
Equipment Alarm Testing
Evaluation/Audit Reports
Debriefings
The Requirement of Incident Reports

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Information

Emergency Organisational Chart

Roles and Responsibilities
Notification List and Call Out List
Plant Site, Maps, Security
Equipment List
Evacuation, Rescue, and First Aid
Operation Procedures
Emergency Shutdown Procedure

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Information

List and Location of Hazardous Materials,

including Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS)
Relative/Media Response Guide
Audit Checklists
Breakdown of FLRC, ORCC and MSRC
function

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Emergency
Format

Action

Procedure

and

Specific Response to Fire, Explosion, Toxic

Release, Flood, Sabotage, etc.
Specific Response to On-Site Emergencies
Notification and Call Out Lists
Alarm Sequence
Relative/Media Response Procedure
Termination Of Emergency

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Components of On-Site ERP

1. Plant Risk Evaluation - Carried out
preliminary hazard analysis
the worst event consider.
the route to those worst events.
The time scale to lesser events which might
lead the worst event.
the size of lesser events if their development is
halted
the relative likelihood of events
the consequence of each events

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Component of Onsite ERP

2. On-Site Emergency Organisation And
Teams
Emergency Response Centres
(a) First Line Response Centre (FLRC)
Teams, Activities and Facilities
(b) Operational Response Co-ordination Centre
(ORCC) Teams, Activities and Facilities
(c) Management Strategic Response Centre
(MSRC) Teams and Facilities

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Component of Onsite ERP

3. Detailed Operations Manuals (for each
process unit and utility system)
4.

Emergency Response Procedures

General Principles of Emergency
Procedures
Alarm
Emergency Action

Evacuation/Rescue/First Aid

DOSH ERP GUIDELINES

Component of Onsite ERP

4.

Emergency Response Procedures

(continued)

Communications
Notification
Emergency Termination
Special procedures

Component of Onsite ERP

5. Emergency Records
Emergency Response Organisation
Structure
Emergency Telephone List
Distribution List
Glossary and Abbreviation
Amendment List
Emergency Event Record
List of Hazardous Materials

Component of Onsite ERP

5. Emergency Records (continued)
Alarm System Information
Alarm System Test Record
Internal Emergency Resources
Communication Equipment

Component of Onsite ERP

6. Emergency Equipment and Facilities
PPE
First Aid and other medical emergency
equipment
Fire fighting equipment and material
Decontamination equipment for person
and victims
Communications equipment
Rescue equipment

Component of Onsite ERP

7. Regular Tests of Emergency
Equipment and Facilities

Component of Onsite ERP

8. Training and Drills
Management Support
Scheduling
Facilities and Equipment
Procedures
Learning Objectives
Evaluation
Job analysis

Component of Onsite ERP

9. Plan Review and Updates
10.Audit

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Plan Administration and Maintenance

Distribution List
Amendment List
Equipment Maintenance Requirement
Training Requirement Schedule
Procedure Updates
Equipment Alarm Testing
Evaluation/Audit Reports
Debriefings
The Requirement of Incident Reports

33.3
40.0
6.7
26.7
53.3
0.0
6.7
0.0
6.7

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Information

Emergency Organisational Chart

Roles and Responsibilities
Notification List and Call Out List
Plant Site, Maps, Security
Equipment List
Evacuation, Rescue, and First
Operation Procedures
Emergency Shutdown Procedure

73.3
100.0
86.7
73.3
60.0
Aid
73.3
26.7

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Information (continued)

List and Location of Hazardous Materials,

including Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS)
Relative/Media Response Guide
Audit Checklists
Breakdown of FLRC, ORCC and MSRC
function

33.3
20
0
53.3

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Emergency Action Procedure and

Format

Specific Response to Fire, Explosion, Toxic

Release, Flood, Sabotage, etc.
Specific Response to On-Site
Emergencies
Notification and Call Out Lists
Alarm Sequence
Relative/Media Response Procedure
Termination Of Emergency

86.7
93.3
80.0
53.3
26.7
20.0

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Components of On-Site ERP

1. Plant Risk Evaluation (Carried out
preliminary hazard analysis)

the worst event consider.

the route to those worst events.
The time scale to lesser events which might
lead the worst event.
the size of lesser events if their
development is halted
the relative likelihood of events
the consequence of each events

20

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

Components of Onsite ERP

2. Onsite Emergency Organisation And Teams
Emergency Response Centres

First Line Response Centre

Teams
Activities
Facilities

Operational Response Co-ordination Centre

Teams
Activities
Facilities

% Compliance
93.3
80.0
66.7
66.7
66.7
20.0
60.0
53.3
53.3

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Components of Onsite ERP

2. Onsite Emergency Organisation And
Teams
Emergency Response Centres (continued)
Management Strategic Response Centre
(MSRC):
Teams
Facilities

33.3
40.0
6.7

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

Components of Onsite ERP

3. Detailed Operations Manuals (for each
process unit and utility system)

% Compliance
6.7

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

% Compliance

Components of Onsite ERP

4. Emergency Response Procedures

General Principles of Emergency

Procedures
Alarm
Emergency Action
Evacuation/Rescue/First Aid
Communications
Notification
Emergency Termination
Special procedures

86.7
53.3
93.3
66.7
86.7
80.0
26.7
46.7

Compliance to the guidelines

Requirements

Components of Onsite ERP

5. Emergency Records
6. Emergency Equipment and Facilities
Equipment Categories
7. Regular Tests of Emergency Equipment and
Facilities
8. Training and Drills
Important Elements of Training and Drills
9. Plan Review and Updates
10.
Audit

% Compliance
6.7
73.3
33.3
6.7
60.0
26.7
66.7
6.7

OFF-SITE ERP
Local Authority
ARAHAN 20
APELL (Awareness and Preparedness of
Emergency at the Local Level)

SUMMARY
SAFETY REPORT OR SAFE
DEMONSTRATION IS AN AGREEMENT
BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND THE
COMPANY TO OPERATE THE PLANT
SAFELY
SAFETY REPORT and ERP NEED TO BE
REVIEWED WHEN THERE IS CHANGE OR
EVERY 3 YEARS
PENALTY - RM50,000 OR < 2 YEARS
IMPRISONMENT OR BOTH

EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
(PART 3)

Test 2:
Hazard
vs
ERP at Work
(10%@ 30 min)

EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
(PART 4)
Planning
Response
Recovery

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Basic Process Controls

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION,
EVALUATION
AND ASSESSMENT,
SMS

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Engineered
Shutdown System

Basic Process Controls

LOCALIZATION,
AUTO CONTROL

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Engineered
Shutdown System

Basic Process Controls

Active Release Of Protection

(Scrubbers, Foam)

ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Passive Release Of Protection
(Dykes, Barriers)

Engineered
Shutdown System

Basic Process Controls

Active Release Of Protection

(Scrubbers, Foam)

LAST DEFENCE

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Passive Release Of Protection
(Dykes, Barriers)

Engineered
Shutdown System
Basic Process Controls

Active Release Of Protection

(Scrubbers, Foam)
OUT OF CONTROL
Plant On-Site ERP

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING

Off-site ERP

Passive Release Of Protection

(Dykes, Barriers)
Engineered
Shutdown System
Basic Process Controls

Active Release Of Protection

(Scrubbers, Foam)

Plant On-Site ERP

EMERGENCIES
DO NOT RESPECT
BOUNDARIES

PRINCIPLES OF MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL

IDENTIFY IDLP
ASSESS

HAZOP,
HAZAN,
QRA,
FTEA,
FTA,
JSA,
HSA, etc

CONTROL MANAGE
MITIGATE - RECOVERY

HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Expertise on hazards awareness
Hazards of materials
Hazards from industrial activities :
operations/equipment/facilities
Hazards from activities of others

QUESTIONS ON HAZARDS
Does the management know enough about the
hazards?
Do the workers know enough about the
hazards?
Can the consequences of the hazardous event
be described?
What conditions are necessary for the hazards
to materialize?

CONSEQUENCE MODELS
Release of volatile
hazardous substance

Explosion and
fire models

Flammable
release

Toxic
release

Effect models

Risk calculation

Discharge and
dispersion models
Mitigation
factors

kPa (psi)

EFFECTS OF OVERPRESSURE

4 (0.5)

90% window breakage, very low injury

7 (1.0)

Glass fragments fly with sufficient force to injure.

Roof tiles removed : 10% possibility of injury

14 (2.0)

Houses uninhabitable but not totally irreparable.

Cement block buildings may be flattened. Roof of
oil storage tanks would be damaged.

35 (5.0)

Onset of severe general structural damage. Houses

severely damaged. Possible initiation of leaks and
fires. Oil storage tanks could rupture. 50% chance
of fatality.

70 (10.0) Almost complete demolition of all ordinary

structure. Damage to most chemical plants would be
severe. Threshold of lung damage. 100% fatality.

HAZARD EVALUATION : RISK ASSESSMENT

Hazard checklists
Use company and commercially available accident
database for identifying hazards
Rank risks systematically
Consider suitability and effectiveness of each control
measure
Ensure recommendations are implemented but subject
to review

HAZARD EVALUATION : RISK MATRIX

RISK

Probability

Consequence

H=8

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

M=4

XXX

XXX

XXX

L=2

XXX

XXX

N=1

NEG

XXX

N=1

L=2

M=4

H=8

H = 16

X = 32

CONSEQUENCE : PERSONAL INJURY

PROPERTY DAMAGE
FINANCIAL LOSSES

HAZARD EVALUATION : RISK MATRIX

NEG < 2

No action required

L=2-4

Warning : gathering of data

M = 5 -16

Prioritize : selective action

H = 17 32

Immediate action IDLP

XXX > 32

Cannot be tolerated
CONSEQUENCE : PERSONAL INJURY
PROPERTY DAMAGE
FINANCIAL LOSSES

RISK CONTROL PROGRAMME

Accident reporting and
investigation
Training
Appointment of
competent staff
Monitoring and audits
Permit to work
Maintenance of
facilities and standards

Control of change
Contract and subcontract
Procurement
Information to
customers, neighbours
and others
Contingency/emergen
cy plans

TRAINING
Training is important to the effectiveness of
an emergency plan.
A sufficient number of persons must be
trained to assist in the safe and orderly
evacuation of employees.
Training for each type of disaster response
is necessary so that employees know what
actions are required.

Continue

Specialized training for Emergency Response

Team includes:

Evacuation plans
Alarm systems
Reporting procedures
Shutdown procedures
Types of potential emergencies

PERSONAL PROTECTION
In emergency situations, employees may be exposed
to a wide variety of hazardous circumstances,
including :
Chemical splashes or contact with toxic materials
Falling objects and flying particles
Unknown atmospheres that may contain toxic
gases, vapors or mist, or inadequate oxygen to
sustain life
Fires and electrical hazards
Violence in the workplace

Continue

Safety equipment includes :

Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields for eye
protection.
Hard hats and safety shoes for head and foot
protection.
Proper respirators for breathing protection.
Whole body coverings chemical suits, gloves,
hoods, and boots for body protection.
Body protection for abnormal environmental
conditions such as extreme temperatures.

Continue
Respiratory protection is necessary for toxic atmospheres of
dust, mists, gases, or vapors and for oxygen-deficient
atmospheres.
4 categories of respirators :
Air-purifying devices
Examples : filters, gas masks
Air-supplied respirators
Examples : hose masks, air line respirators
Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA)
Escape masks

Continue
Before assigning or using respiratory equipment, the
following conditions must be met :
A medical evaluation should be met.
Written procedures must be prepared covering safe use
and proper care of equipment
A fit test must be made.
A regular maintenance program must be instituted.
Distribution areas for equipment used in emergencies
must be readily accessible to employees.

Continue
Emergency situations may involve entering confined
spaces to rescue employees who are overcome by toxic
compounds or who lack oxygen.
Entry into permit-required confined spaces can expose the
employee to a variety of hazards including :
Toxic gases
Explosive atmospheres
Oxygen deficiency
Electrical hazards
Hazards by mixers and impellers.

Continue
If a permit-required confined space must be entered in an
emergency, the precautions below must be adhered to :
All lines containing inert, toxic, flammable, or
corrosive materials must be disconnected.
All impellers, agitators, or other moving equipment
inside the vessel must be locked out.
Appropriate personal protective equipment must be
worn before entering the vessel.
Rescue procedures must be specifically designed for
each entry.

Active Fire Protection

Sprinkler systems
Foam systems
to extinguish
the fire

Powder systems
halon systems
deluge systems

to cool equipment/
structures

smoke evacuation systems

to alarm people/
activate systems

to stop the fuel supply

detection systems

shut down systems

Sprinkler System In A Building

Rangkaian sistem Saluran paip tegak basah ke
penggera
bahagian atas bangunan

Tangki
Simpanan
Sembur Air

Saluran paip

Paip
Tegak
Basah

Alat pengesan
pam

Pengesan haba
dan asap
Pam wet riser
(standby)
Pam jockey

Meter Air
Pam sprinkler
booster

Pam wet
riser (duty)

Pam sprinkler
booster (duty)

Loceng
penggera

1 unit pam jockey

Pam sprinkler booster

(duty)

Pam sprinkler booster

(standby)

Pam jockey

Pam wet riser (duty)

2 unit pam jockey

Pam wet riser (standby)

Pam is used to pump water from the water source to

the sprinkler systems.

5. Emergency Shower & Eyewash

The need for emergency showers or eyewash

stations is based on the properties of the
chemicals that workers use and the tasks that
they do in the workplace.

The shower should also be designed so that it

can be activated in less than 1 second, and it
remains operational without the operator's
hand on the valve

Eyewash stations should be designed to

deliver fluid to both eyes simultaneously at a
volume of not less than 1.5 litres/minute (0.4
gallons/minute) for 15 minutes.

Fire Door

Good Means of Escape

The proper sequence of locating
escape routes:

Fire
Escapes
and
Staircas
es

HOW IS ERP IMPLEMENTED IN THE

INDUSTRY?
An ERP should CONTAIN the components below:
1. Procedure for reporting emergency
2. Description of the alarm system to be used
3. An evacuation policy, procedure and escape route
4. The duties, responsibilities and names of employees
assign with rescue and medical task
5. Description of how employees will be informed
6. A list of key personnel who should be contact during off
hours emergency
7. Pre-emergency planning and coordination with outside
parties.
8. Emergency recognition and prevention.

continued from previous slides

9. Safe distances and places of refuge.
10. Site security and control.
11. Decontamination.
12. Emergency medical treatment and first aid.
13. Emergency alerting and response procedures.
14. Critique of response and follow-up
15. PPE and emergency equipment

Example of the Content of ERP

Exit Route

Alarm System

Fire
Prevention

Evacuation
Area

Example of the Content of ERP

An emergency floor plan

EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
(PART 3)
Emergency
Manual &
Procedures

PLANNING PROCESS
STEP 1
Establish a Planning Team

STEP 2
Analyze Capabilities and
Hazards

STEP 3
Develop the Plan

STEP 4
Implement the Plan

Notification
process

Response effectiveness evaluation

factors

Response effectiveness evaluation

factors

Response effectiveness evaluation

factors

Developing response tactics

Principles of responding to fires

Pre plan

Points to look

Points to look

Points to look

Points to look

Points to look

DIRECTION
&
CONTROL

Emergency
Management
Elements

RECOVERY
&
RESTORATION

PROPERTY
PROTECTION

LIFESAFETY

ADMINISTRATION
&
LOGISTICS

COMMUNITY
OUTREACH

COMMUNICATIONS

SUMMARY
The more you know about
emergency & how to deal with
them, the less chance there is
for emergency situation.
DO NOT PANIC!

EVACUATION
Group 1

Operasi loji pemprosesan gas berjalan seperti biasa. Anda

sedang bekerja sebagai ketua di bahagian pengeluaran dan
berada di bilik kawalan bersama 25 pekerja lain. Pada masa yang
sama ada 2 kontraktor sedang berkerja dengan kakitangan
seramai 5 orang. Ada juga pelawat dari UTM membuat lawatan
sambil belajar. Tiba-tiba siren kecemasan 1 berbunyi, diikuti
siren ke 2 dan ke 3.

Apakah yang perlu anda lakukan untuk pengungsian bangunan

bagi pelawat, kontraktor, pekerja, dan anda sendiri apabila
terdengar siren kecemasan 1, siren 2 dan ke siren 3.

MAJOR SPILLAGE
Group 2

Kontraktor dan pemandu forklif sedang memunggah barang yang

agak besar di laluan selamat dalam loji pertokimia. Kawasan
berkenaan adalah kawasan penyimpanan bahan mentah seperti
benzene, nafta, n-hexane dan sebagainya. Banyak tangki-tangki
bersaiz besar dan jaringan paip diatas dan dibawah tanah. Tiba-tiba
forklif terlangar paip di bahagian atas dan meyebabkan tumpahan
besar (saiz paip adalah 6 inci). Operasi harian dikawal secara
automatik dan diselaraskan di bilik kawalan utama yang terletak 50
meter dari tempat kejadian.
Jangkakan apakah risiko & bahaya yang boleh memburukan lagi
keadaan. Bincangkan apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh EMT dan
langkah-langkah kawalan yang diambil supaya kemalangan ini dapat
dikawal dan tidak melepasi sempadan syarikat.

FIRE & EXPLOSION

Group 3

Satu sambungan paip natural gas (LNG) telah bocor dan

menyebabkan tumpahan LNG kepada sekitaran. Ianya berlarutan
sehinggalah letupan berlaku disebabkan oleh permukaan panas (paip
stim), dan di ikuti kebakaran. Sistem kawalan pada pepasangan LNG
telah teraktif dan menyekat pengaliran keluar gas. Api kebakaran
telah merebak dan membakar bangunan bengkel bersebelahan.
Sistem sprinkler telah mengaktifkan penggera (alarm). Tidak jauh dari
tempat kejadian adanya tangki diesel dan tangki LNG sendiri. Operasi
pengeluaran di bahagian pengeluaran utama sedang berjalan seperti
biasa.

Jangkakan apakah risiko & bahaya yang boleh memburukan lagi

kejadian. Bincangkan apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh EMT dan
langkah-langkah kawalan yang diambil supaya api dapat dipadamkan
dan tangki diesel dan LNG tidak meletup.

TOXIC RELEASE
Group 4

Operasi loji rawatan air bersih berjalan seperti biasa. Cuaca amat
baik dan berangin dari arah timur. Kerja-kerja memasukkan gas klorin
dari lori tangki sedang dilakukan oleh pemandu lori tanpa penyeliaan
pihak kilang. Tiba-tiba pemandu lori menjerit dan lari keluar dan jatuh
lalu pengsan dalam jarak 15 meter dari tempat kejadian. Di kuatiri
telah berlaku pelepasan gas klorin ke udara kerana gas kekuningan
naik ke atas dari bahagian paip sambungan. Injin lori masih hidup dan
pelepasan gas klorin masih berlaku.

Jangkakan apakah risiko & bahaya yang boleh memburukan lagi

keadaan. Bincangkan apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh EMT dan
langkah-langkah kawalan yang diambil supaya kematian dan
kerugian dapat diminimakan.

SEVERE INJURY
Group 5
Pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan (SHO) tidak sihat dan akan
pergi ke klinik. Jabatan Penyelangaraan telah memaklumkan bahawa
ada kontraktor akan membuat kerja-kerja perpaipan di bahagaian
pengeluaran. Semua peraturan telah disyaratkan kepada kontraktor
termasuklah bekerja di tempat tinggi dan terselindung. Kontraktor
bersetuju dan memulakan kerja. SHO mengarahkan penyelia untuk
memantau kontraktor dan pergi ke klinik. Tiba-tiba salah seorang
pekerja kontrak terjatuh dan mengalami kecederaan parah ditingkat 4.
Jangkakan apakah risiko & bahaya yang boleh memburukan lagi
keadaan. Bincangkan apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh EMT dan
langkah-langkah kawalan yang diambil supaya kematian dapat
dielakkan.