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Lecture 3 - Conservation Equations Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics
Lecture 3 - Conservation Equations Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics
Governing equations
The governing equations include the following conservation laws
of physics:
Conservation of mass.
Newtons second law: the change of momentum equals the sum of
forces on a fluid particle.
First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy): rate of change
of energy equals the sum of rate of heat addition to and work done
on fluid particle.
Velocity u.
Pressure p.
Density
Temperature T.
Energy E.
(x,y,z)
y
x
z
y
Typically ignore (x,y,z,t) in the notation.
x
Properties are averages of a sufficiently
large number of molecules.
Faces are labeled
North, East, West,
A fluid element can be thought of as the
South, Top and Bottom
smallest volume for which the continuum
assumption is valid.
Properties at faces are expressed as first
Mass balance
Rate of increase of mass in fluid element equals the net rate of
flow of mass into element.
xyz
Rate of increase is: ( xyz)
t
t
The inflows (positive) and outflows (negative) are shown here:
( w) 1
. z x y
z
2
( v) 1
. y x z
y
2
( u) 1
. x y z
x
2
( u ) 1
. x yz
u
x 2
z
x
( w) 1
. z xy
z
2
( v) 1
. y xz
y 2
Continuity equation
Summing all terms in the previous slide and dividing by the
volume xyz results in:
( u) ( v) ( w) 0
t
x
y
z
In vector notation:
Change in density
div ( u) 0
t
Net flow of mass across boundaries
Convective term
dV U dS 0
t V
S
Integral form
Conservation form
D
dV 0
Dt V
Integral form
Non conservation form
U
Infinitesimally small
element fixed in space
( U) 0
t
Differenti al form
Conservation form
D
U 0
Dt
Differenti al form
Non conservation form
The sum of these two rates of changes for a property per unit
mass is called the total or substantive derivative D /Dt:
D dx dy dz
Dt t x dt y dt z dt
With dx/dt=u, dy/dt=v, dz/dt=w, this results in:
u.grad
Dt
t
u.grad
Dt
t
div ( u) 0
t
Continuity equation
( )
div ( u) 0
t
Arbitrary property
div( u)
u.grad
div( u)
t
Dt
t
( )
D
div ( u)
t
Dt
Rate of increase of
of fluid element
Rate of increase of
for a fluid particle
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To remember so far
We need to derive conservation equations that we can solve to
calculate fluid velocities and other properties.
These equations can be derived either for a fluid particle that is
moving with the flow (Lagrangian) or for a fluid element that is
stationary in space (Eulerian).
For CFD purposes we need them in Eulerian form, but (according
to the book) they are somewhat easier to derive in Lagrangian
form.
Luckily, when we derive equations for a property in one form,
we can convert them to the other form using the relationship
shown on the bottom in the previous slide.
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Du
Dt
( u )
div ( uu)
t
y-momentum
Dv
Dt
( v )
div ( vu)
t
z-momentum
Dw
Dt
( w)
div( wu)
t
Energy
DE
Dt
( E )
div ( Eu)
t
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Dt
Dt
Dt
Forces on fluid particles are:
Surface forces such as pressure and viscous forces.
Body forces, which act on a volume, such as gravity, centrifugal,
Coriolis, and electromagnetic forces.
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Viscous stresses
Stresses are forces per area. Unit
is N/m2 or Pa.
Viscous stresses denoted by
Suffix notation ij is used to
indicate direction.
Nine stress components.
xx, yy, zz are normal stresses.
E.g. zz is the stress in the zdirection on a z-plane.
Other stresses are shear
stresses. E.g. zy is the stress in
the y-direction on a z-plane.
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yx 1
. y )xz
y 2
zx 1
( zx
. z )yz
yx 1
z 2
( yx
. y )xz
y 2
p 1
( p . x)yz
x 2
p 1
( p . x )yz
x 2
xx 1
( xx
. x )yz
x 2
z
y
x
( xx
xx 1
. x)yz
x 2
zx 1
( zx
. z )xy
z 2
Net force in the x-direction is the sum of all the force components in that direction.
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Momentum equation
Set the rate of change of x-momentum for a fluid particle Du/Dt
equal to:
the sum of the forces due to surface stresses shown in the previous
slide, plus
the body forces. These are usually lumped together into a source
term SM:
Du ( p xx ) yx zx
S Mx
Dt
x
y
z
S My
Dt
x
y
z
Dw xz yz ( p zz )
S Mz
Dt
x
y
z
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Energy equation
First law of thermodynamics: rate of change of energy of a fluid
particle is equal to the rate of heat addition plus the rate of work
done.
Rate of increase of energy is DE/Dt.
Energy E = i + (u2+v2+w2).
Here, i is the internal (thermal energy).
(u2+v2+w2) is the kinetic energy.
Potential energy (gravitation) is usually treated separately and
included as a source term.
We will derive the energy equation by setting the total derivative
equal to the change in energy as a result of work done by viscous
stresses and the net heat conduction.
Next we will subtract the kinetic energy equation to arrive at a
conservation equation for the internal energy.
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(up
(u xx ) 1
(u xx
. x )yz
x 2
(u xx
(up ) 1
. x)yz
x 2
(u xx ) 1
. x)yz
x 2
z
y
x
(u zx
(u zx ) 1
. z )xy
z 2
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Add all and divide by xyz to get the work done per unit volume
by the surface stresses:
(u xx ) (u yx ) (u zx ) (v xy )
div( pu)
x
y
z
x
(v yy ) (v zy ) ( w xz ) ( w yz ) (u zz )
y
z
x
y
z
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q x 1
(q x
. x)yz
x 2
(q z
q z 1
. z )xy
z 2
q x 1
(q x
. x)yz
x 2
z
y
x
q z 1
(q z
. z )xy
z 2
q y 1
(q y
. y )xz
y 2
The heat flux vector q has three components, qx, qy, and qz.
20
div q
x y
z
Fouriers law of heat conduction relates the heat flux to the local
temperature gradient:
qx k
T
x
qy k
T
y
qz k
T
z
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Energy equation
Setting the total derivative for the energy in a fluid particle equal
to the previously derived work and energy flux terms, results in
the following energy equation:
(u xx ) (u yx ) (u zx ) (v xy )
DE
div ( pu)
Dt
y
z
x
x
(v yy )
y
(v zy )
z
( w xz ) ( w yz ) (u zz )
x
y
z
div (k grad T ) S E
Note that we also added a source term SE that includes sources
(potential energy, sources due to heat production from chemical
reactions, etc.).
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u.grad p u
Dt
y
z
x
xy yy zy
xz yz zz
v
w
u. S M
y
z
y
z
x
x
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Di
u
u
u
v
p div u xx
yx
zx
xy
Dt
x
y
z
x
yy
v
v
w
w
u
zy xz
yz
zz
y
z
x
y
z
div (k grad T ) S i
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Enthalpy equation
An often used alternative form of the energy equation is the total
enthalpy equation.
Specific enthalpy h = i + p/
Total enthalpy h0 = h + (u2+v2+w2) = E + p/
( h0 )
div( h0u) div(k grad T )
t
(u yx )
(v xy )
(u xx )
(u zx )
y
z
x
x
(v yy )
y
(v zy )
z
( w yz )
( w xz )
(u zz )
x
y
z
Sh
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Equations of state
Fluid motion is described by five partial differential equations for
mass, momentum, and energy.
Amongst the unknowns are four thermodynamic variables: , p, i,
and T.
We will assume thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. that the time it
takes for a fluid particle to adjust to new conditions is short
relative to the timescale of the flow.
We add two equations of state using the two state variables and
T: p=p(,T) and i=i(,T).
For a perfect gas, these become: p= RT and i=CvT.
At low speeds (e.g. Ma < 0.2), the fluids can be considered
incompressible. There is no linkage between the energy equation,
and the mass and momentum equation. We then only need to
solve for energy if the problem involves heat transfer.
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Viscous stresses
A model for the viscous stresses ij is required.
We will express the viscous stresses as functions of the local
deformation rate (strain rate) tensor.
There are two types of deformation:
Linear deformation rates due to velocity gradients.
Elongating stress components (stretching).
Shearing stress components.
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yx yy yz
zx
zy
zz
u 2
u v
u w
2 div u
x 3
z x
y x
v 2
u v
v w
2 div u
y
3
w 2
v w
u w
2
div u
z 3
z x
z y
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Navier-Stokes equations
Including the viscous stress terms in the momentum balance and
rearranging, results in the Navier-Stokes equations:
x momentum :
( u )
p
div( uu) div ( grad u ) S Mx
t
x
y momentum :
( v)
p
div ( vu) div ( grad v) S My
t
y
z momentum :
( w)
p
div ( wu) div( grad w) S Mz
t
z
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Viscous dissipation
Similarly, substituting the stresses in the internal energy equation
and rearranging results in:
( i )
div ( iu) p div u div (k grad T ) S i
t
Internal energy :
u
2
u w
z x
v w
z y
u v
y x
2
2
(
div
u
)
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x momentum :
y momentum :
z momentum :
Internal energy :
Mass :
div( u) 0
t
( u )
p
div ( uu) div ( grad u ) S Mx
t
x
( v )
p
div( vu) div( grad v) S My
t
y
( w)
p
div ( wu) div( grad w) S Mz
t
z
( i )
div( iu) p div u div (k grad T ) S i
t
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The system of equations is now closed, with seven equations for seven
variables: pressure, three velocity components, enthalpy, temperature,
and density.
There are significant commonalities between the various equations.
Using a general variable , the conservative form of all fluid flow
equations can usefully be written in the following form:
div u div grad S
t
Or, in words:
Rate of increase
of of fluid
+
element
Rate of increase
of due to
+
diffusion
Rate of increase
of due to
sources
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Integral form
The key step of the finite volume method is to integrate the differential equation
shown in the previous slide, and then to apply Gauss divergence theorem,
which for a vector a states:
div a dV n a dA
CV
This then leads to the following general conservation equation in integral form:
dV n ( u) dA n ( grad ) dA S dV
t CV
A
A
CV
Net rate of
Net rate of
Rate of
Net rate of
decrease of due
increase of due
increase
+ to
= equations
+ finitecreation
to diffusion
This is the actual form
ofconvection
the conservation
solved by
volume
of
of
across
boundaries
across
boundaries
based CFD programs to calculate the flow pattern and associated scalar fields.
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