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Properties of Water
Properties of Water
Properties of Water
Polar molecule
Cohesion and
adhesion
High specific heat
Density greatest at
4 oC
Universal solvent of
life
Polarity of Water
In a water molecule two hydrogen atoms form
single polar covalent bonds with an oxygen
atom. Gives water more structure than other
liquids
Because oxygen is more electronegative, the region
around oxygen has a partial negative charge.
The region near the two hydrogen atoms has a
partial positive charge.
Fig.3.1
Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings
HYDROGEN BONDS
Hold water molecules
together
Each water molecule can
form a maximum of 4
hydrogen bonds
The hydrogen bonds
joining water molecules
are weak, about 1/20th as
strong as covalent bonds.
They form, break, and
reform with great
frequency
Extraordinary Properties
that are a result of hydrogen
bonds.
Cohesive behavior
Resists changes in
temperature
High heat of vaporization
Expands when it freezes
Versatile solvent
Water boils
37oC
23oC
Human body
temperature
Room temperature
0oC
Water freezes
Evaporative Cooling
The cooling of a
surface occurs when
the liquid evaporates
This is responsible for:
Moderating earths
climate
Stabilizes
temperature in
aquatic ecosystems
Preventing organisms
from overheating
Density of Water
Most dense at 4oC
Contracts until 4oC
Expands from 4oC to
0oC
The density of water:
1. Prevents water from freezing from the bottom up.
2. Ice forms on the surface firstthe freezing of the
water releases heat to the water below creating
insulation.
3. Makes transition between season less abrupt.
Fig.3.5
Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings
Aqueous solution
Hydrophilic
Ionic compounds
dissolve in water
Polar molecules
(generally) are water
soluble
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar compounds
Concentration of a Solution
Molecular weight sum of the weights of all atoms in
a molecule (daltons)
Mole amount of a substance that has a mass in
grams numerically equivalent to its molecular weight
in daltons.
Avogadros number 6.02 X 1023
A mole of one substance has the same number of molecules
as a mole of any other substance.
Molarity
The concentration of a material in solution is called its molarity.
A one molar solution has one mole of a substance dissolved in
one liter of solvent, typically water.
12 x12 = 144
H = 1 dalton
1 x 22 = 22
O = 16 daltons
16 x 11 = 176
For a 2M solution?
342
pH Scale
The pH scale in any aqueous solution :
[ H+ ] [OH-] = 10-14
Problem
How much greater is the [ H+ ] in a
solution with pH 2 than in a solution with
pH 6?
Answer:
pH of 2 = [ H+ ] of 1.0 x 10-2 = 1/100 M
pH of 6 = [ H+ ] of 1.0 x 10-6 = 1/1,000,000 M
10,000 times greater
Buffers
A substance that eliminates large sudden
changes in pH.
Buffers help organisms maintain the pH of body
fluids within the narrow range necessary for
life.
Are combinations of H+ acceptors and donors
forms in a solution of weak acids or bases
Work by accepting H+ from solutions when
they are in excess and by donating H + when
they have been depleted.
Acid Precipitation