STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1

Chandigarh University

D r.O m P r a k a s h

Structural Analysis-I
Code of the subject : CET-225

Lecture 2

Dr.Omprakash
Department of Civil Engineering
Chandigarh University

Dr. OmParkash

Thin Cylinders
&
Spherical Shells

Analysis of above under

Pressures

Thin Cylinders
Shape
Use of Shape (Tanks, Boilers, pipelines,
Vault)

Thin and Thick

Remember

Thin!

Thin Cylinders
Pressure
Internal and External atmospheric
Stress
Failure
Hoop type failure
Longitudinal failure
Strain change in
diameter
length
volume

THIN CYLINDERS

INTRODUCTION:

In
In many
many engineering
engineering applications,
applications, cylinders
cylinders are
are frequently
frequently used
used for
for
transporting
transporting or
or storing
storing of
of liquids,
liquids, gases
gases or
or fluids.
fluids.
Eg:
Eg: Pipes,
Pipes, Boilers,
Boilers, storage
storage tanks
tanks etc.
etc.
These
These cylinders
cylinders are
are subjected
subjected to
to fluid
fluid pressures.
pressures.

When
When aa cylinder
cylinder is
is subjected
subjected to
to aa internal
internal
cylinder
cylinder wall,
wall, three
three types
types of
of stresses
stresses are
are
perpendicular
perpendicular planes.
planes.

They
They are
are ,,

pressure,
pressure, at
at
induced
induced on
on

any
any point
point on
on the
the
three
three mutually
mutually

THIN CYLINDERS

Three types of stresses :

1. Hoop or Circumferential Stress (C) or (1) This is
directed along the tangent to the circumference and
tensile in nature. Thus, there will be increase in diameter.
2. 2. Longitudinal Stress (L) or (2 ) This stress is
directed along the length of the cylinder. This is also
tensile in nature and tends to increase the length.
3. 3. Radial pressure ( pr ) It is compressive in nature. Its
magnitude is equal to fluid pressure on the inside wall

THIN CYLINDERS

1. Hoop Stress (C)

pr

2. Longitudinal Stress (L)

3. Radial Stress (pr)

pr

Element on the cylinder

wall subjected to these
three stresses

pr

THIN CYLINDERS
A cylinder or spherical shell is considered to be thin when the metal
thickness is small compared to internal diameter.
i. e., when the wall thickness, t is equal to or less than d/20, where
d is the internal diameter of the cylinder or shell, we consider the
cylinder or shell to be thin, otherwise thick
Magnitude of radial pressure is very small compared to other two
stresses in case of thin cylinders and hence neglected

THIN CYLINDERS

Circumferential stress
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
stress

axis

The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called circumferential
stresses whereas the stress acting along the length of the cylinder (i.e., in the
longitudinal direction ) is known as longitudinal stress

The bursting will take place if the force due to internal (fluid) pressure (acting
vertically upwards and downwards) is more than the resisting force due to
circumferential stress set up in the material.

P - internal pressure (st

c circumferential stres
p
c

THIN CYLINDERS

dL

P - internal pressure (st

c circumferential stres

EVALUATION OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL or HOOP STRESS (C):

t
p

p
dl

t
d
c

Consider a thin cylinder closed at both ends and subjected to internal

pressure p as shown in the figure.
Let d=Internal diameter,
t = Thickness of the wall
L = Length of the cylinder.

THIN CYLINDERS

To determine the Bursting force across the diameter:

Consider a small length dl of the cylinder and an elementary area dA as shown
in the figure.
Force on the elementary area,
dA

dF p dA p r dl d
d
p dl d
2
Horizontal component of this force

d
dFx p dl cos d
2
Vertical component of this force

d
dFy p dl sin d
2

dl

d
c

THIN CYLINDERS

dA

The horizontal components cancel out

when integrated over semi-circular
portion as there will be another equal
and opposite horizontal component on
the other side of the vertical axis.

dl

d
c

d
Total diametrical bursting force p dl sin d
2
0
d
p dl cos 0 p d dl
2
p projected area of the curved surface.

THIN CYLINDERS

Resisting force (due to circumferential stress c ) 2 c t dl

Under equillibrium, Resisting force Bursting force

i.e., 2 c t dl p d dl
pd
Circumferential stress, c
........................(1)
2 t
c

dL

THIN CYLINDERS

Assumed as rectangular

Force due to fluid pressure = p area on which p is acting = p (d L)

(bursting force)
Force due to circumferential stress = c area on which c is acting
(resisting force) = c ( L t + L t ) = c 2 L t
Under equilibrium bursting force = resisting force
p (d L) = c 2 L t

pd
Circumferential stress, c
........................(1)
2 t

LONGITUDINAL STRESS (L):

A

The bursting of the cylinder takes

place along the section AB

P
B

L
p

The force, due to pressure of the fluid, acting at the ends of the thin cylinder,
tends to burst the cylinder as shown in figure

EVALUATION OF LONGITUDINAL STRESS (L):

t
L

2
Longitudinal bursting force (on the end of cylinder) p d
4
Area of cross section resisting this force d t
Let L Longitudinal stress of the material of the cylinder.
Resisting force L d t

THIN CYLINDERS
Under equillibrium, bursting force resisting force
2
i.e., p d L d t
4
pd
Longitudinal stress, L
...................( 2)
4 t
From eqs (1) & (2),

C 2 L

THIN CYLINDERS

Force due to fluid pressure p area on which p is acting

2
p d
4
Re sisting force L area on which L is acting
L d t

circumference

Under equillibrium, bursting force resisting force

2
i.e., p d L d t
4
pd
Longitudinal stress, L
...................( 2)
4 t

EVALUATION OF STRAINS

L=(pd)/
(4t)

C=(pd)/

C=(pd)/

(2t)

(2t)
L=(pd)/(4t)

A point on the surface of thin cylinder is subjected to biaxial stress

system, (Hoop stress and Longitudinal stress) mutually perpendicular to
each other, as shown in the figure. The strains due to these stresses
i.e., circumferential and longitudinal are obtained by applying Hookes
law and Poissons theory for elastic materials.